|
| Extracts/constituents | Doses | Model of study | Effects | References |
|
| Hydroethanolic extract of P. oleracea | 160, 40, and 10 µg/ml | Nonstimulated and PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes | ↓ Percentage of cell proliferation and serum levels of IL-4, IL10, and IFN-γ | [54] |
| ↑ IFN-γ/IL-4 and Treg/Th2 (IL-10/IL-4) balances |
| Ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of P. werdermannii and P. hirsutissima | 1, 10, and 100 μg/ml | Concanavalin A-induced BALB/c-isolated splenocytes | ↓ Cell proliferation | [168] |
| Ethyl acetate extract of P. oleracea | 5 and 50 mg/kg | Mice model of cyclophosphamide-induced immune-suppression | ↑ Phagocytosis | [169] |
| ↑ Proliferative response in splenic lymphocytes |
| Extract of P. oleracea | 1, 2, and 4 mg/ml | Rat model of asthma | ↑ INF-γ/IL4 ratio | [170] |
| Hydroethanolic extract of P. oleracea | 1, 2, and 4 mg/ml, in drinking water | Rat model of asthma | ↓ BALF levels of IgE | [62] |
| Purslane/pumpkin seed mixture | Ratio of 5/1 of pumpkin and purslane | Hypercholesterolemic rats | ↑ Levels of IgG and IgM | [171] |
| Ethanolic extract | 200 mg/kg | Mice model of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis | ↓ IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, NF-κB, and myeloperoxidase activity | [172] |
| P. oleracea and Perilla frutescens seed complex extracts | 0, 5, 10, 30, 50, 100, and 300 μg/ml | Cyclophosphamide-stimulated rat and isolated spleen cells | ↑ Immune cells and splenic recovery | [173] |
| ↑ Proliferation of splenocyte and inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ), and NK cell activity |
| Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of P. oleracea | 30 or 60 μg/ml (in vitro) | LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages | ↓ Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and 1L-1β | [174] |
| 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg/day (in vivo) | Mice model of colitis induced by DSS |
| P. oleracea | 20 mg/ml | 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene induced-atopic dermatitis mice model | ↓ Serum levels of histamine HIS and Ig E | [175] |
| ↓ TNF-α, IL-4, and IFN-γ |
| ↓ Mast cell infiltration |
| ALA | 0.7, 10.6, and 37% dietary intake, for 4 weeks | Fatty acids-rich diet in mice model | ↑ IFN-γ/IL-4 and Th1/Th2 balances | [176] |
| ALA | 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/d infused to the duodenum | Dairy cows infused to ALA | ↑ Serum IgG and IFN-γ | [11] |
| ↓ IL-4 and PGE2 |
| ALA | 178 g/kg, dietary intake, for 6 weeks | High-fat diet in rat model | Modifying the spleen lymphocyte functions | [177] |
| ALA | 178 g/kg lipid contained 4.4 g ALA, dietary intake | High-fat diet in rat model | Modifying cell-mediated immune response | [178] |
| ALA | 0.2 and 0.4 mg/ml, in drinking water | Sensitized rats with ovalbumin | ↑ IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 | [179] |
| ↓ IL-4 |
| Quercetin | 20, 40, and 80 μM | Human glomerular mesangial cells (HGMCs) | ↓ Expression of nuclear factor-κB p65 and IKKβ | [180] |
| ↑ Expression of IκBα inhibited the expression of PTX3 antibody |
| Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside | 150 μg/ml, for more 48 h | Propagated influenza virus in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells | ↓ Expression of TNF-α | [181] |
| ↑ Expression of IL-27 |
| Quercetin | 3.5, 7.5, and 15 μg/ml | Murine model of Blomia tropicalis-induced asthma | ↓ IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines in supernatants of cells | [182] |
| Shikimic acid and quercetin combination | 10 and 100 nM, for 24 h | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | ↑ IL-8 and IL-6 cytokine levels | [183] |
| Quercetin | 6.25, 12.5, 50, and 100 µg/ml, for 24 h | DCs simulated by LPS | ↓ IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 p70 | [89] |
| ↓ MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, and RANTES |
| ↓ CD40, CD80, and CD86 |
| Quercetin | 1, 10, and 50 µM, for 24 h | LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages | Inhibited expression of TNF-α and IL-1β proteins, IkB-α phosphorylation and iNOS expression | [94] |
| Quercetin | 0.5–50 µM, for 24–72 h | Blood mononuclear cells from normal subjects | ↑ IFN-γ | [91] |
| ↓ IL-4 markedly |
| Quercetin | 5–200 µM, for 48 h | PBMC isolated from multiple sclerosis patients | ↓ PBMC proliferation | [92] |
| ↓ IL-1β and TNF-α |
| ↓ MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios |
| Quercetin | 40 µM, for 24 h | T helper cells | ↓ IL-2 and IFN-γ | [90] |
| Quercetin-3-O-𝛃-D-glucopyranoside (isoquercitrin) and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) | Isoquercitrin (100 mg/kg) | Immunized mice and treated with isoquercitrin and rutin | ↑ Lymphocyte basal proliferation | [184] |
| Rutin (132 mg/kg), dietary intake, for 34 days | ↑ The number of IgM-producing lymphocytes |
| ↑ NK activity and T cells |
| Quercetin | 30 mg/kg, orally for 7 days | Blomia tropicalis-sensitized mice | ↓ Number of cells, EPO and IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines | [182] |
| Quercetin | 20 mg/kg, intragastric gavage, for 14 day | Hypersensitization with ovalbumin in mouse model | ↓ IgE antibodies | [185] |
| ↓ Eosinophilia |
| Impaired production of the IL-5, IL-10, and TNF-α cytokines |
| Quercetin | 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/day, orally, twice daily for 8 weeks | Active rheumatoid arthritis patients | ↓ IL-6, C3, C4, and ICAM-1 | [96] |
| ↑ IL-10 |
| Quercetin | 8 and 16 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 3 days | OVA-induced asthma model mice | ↓ Inflammatory cells | [95] |
| ↓ MMP-9 and GATA-3 mRNA |
| ↓ IL-4 and IL-5 |
| ↑ IFN-γ |
| Quercetin | 0.01% | Murine model of dry eye disease (DED) | ↓ Inflammatory response | [186] |
| ↓ Clinical symptoms |
| ↓ IL-1α and IL-4 levels |
| ↓ CD4+ T cells |
| Polysaccharide complexes from purslane, silver linden, and lavender | 10 and 100 µg/ml | Ex vivo model of human white blood cells | ↑ Human blood T-cell populations (CD4+/CD25+ and CD8+/CD25+), phagocytic leukocytes (CD14+ and CD64+ cells) | [187] |
| Ex vivo murine model of Peyer’s patch (PP) cells from the small intestine | ↑ IL-6 production from human white blood cells and Peyer’s patch cells |
| Polysaccharide of P. oleracea (POL-P3b) | 50 µg·mL−1 | Tumor antigen-sensitized dendritic cells | ↑ Immune responses | [188] |
| Polysaccharide of P. oleracea | 0.3,0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 mg/ml | Rat model of ovarian cancer | ↑ Spleen, thymocyte T and B lymphocyte proliferation | [60] |
| Polysaccharide of P. oleracea | 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg, oral gavage, once daily for 15 weeks | N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced gastric cancer rats | ↑ Splenocytes proliferation | [189] |
| ↑ Serum level of IL-2, IL-4 and TNF-α |
| Polysaccharide of P. oleracea | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, intragastrically, once daily for 10 days | Mice model transplanted with sarcoma 180 | ↑ White blood cell count, CD4+ T-lymphocytes, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio | [190] |
| Portulacanone C, trans-n feruloyltyramine, cis-n-feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine | 3 mg/kg, orally, for 5 days | Mice model of DSS-induced colitis | ↓ Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, 1L-1β, IL-4, IL-17, and IFN-γ | [174] |
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