Phytochemical Screening, Toxic Effects, and Antimicrobial Activity Studies of Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Stapf (Poaceae) Rhizome Extracts against Selected Uropathogenic Microorganisms

Table 3

Mean diameter zone of inhibition of Digitaria abyssinica rhizome extracts and controls using disk diffusion method.

Zone of inhibition (mm)
Pathogen	Concentration (mg/mL)	Aqueous extract	Methanol extract	Dichloromethane : methanol extract	Negative control	Positive control
Candida albicans	15.625	6.50^a ± 0.55	6.83^a ± 0.41	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	Clotrimazole: 27.00^f ± 0.89
	31.25	7.83^b ± 0.75	8.33^b ± 0.52	6.83^b ± 0.41		Econazole: 26.67^f ± 0.52
	62.50	9.67^c ± 0.52	8.83^b ± 0.75	8.17^c ± 0.41		Ketoconazole: 34.17^g ± 0.75
	125.00	15.50^d ± 0.55	11.67^c ± 0.52	9.50^d ± 0.55		Miconazole: 24.83^e ± 0.75
	250.00	15.67^d ± 0.52	11.50^c ± 0.55	9.50^d ± 0.55		Nystatin: 7.17^ab ± 0.41
	500.00	16.33^d ± 0.82	15.17^d ± 0.75	10.50^e ± 0.55
Escherichia coli	15.625	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	Azithromycin: 6.00^b ± 0.00
	31.25	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00		Ceftriaxone: 29.00^e ± 0.89
	62.50	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00		Cephalexin: 12.33^c ± 0.52
	125.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00		Ciprofloxacin: 30.33^f ± 0.82
	250.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00		Tetracycline: 18.67^d ± 0.52
	500.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	15.625	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	Azithromycin: 21.00^b ± 0.71
	31.25	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00		Ceftriaxone: 28.50^c ± 4.23
	62.50	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00
	125.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00
	250.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00
	500.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00
Staphylococcus aureus	15.625	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	Cephalexin: 15.50^c±0.55
	31.25	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00		Ciprofloxacin:22.17^d ± 0.75
	62.50	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00		Tetracycline:11.33^b ± 0.52
	125.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00
	500.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00	0.00^a ± 0.00

Values are expressed as mean ± SD of three separate determinations. Means with different superscripts along the column are significantly different at  < 0.05.