Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Plants Used in Nonconventional Medicine in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Chiribagula Valentin, Bashige; Ndjolo Philippe, Okusa; Mboni Henry, Manya; Mushagalusa Kasali, Félicien

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4621883

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 | Article ID 4621883 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4621883

Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Plants Used in Nonconventional Medicine in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Bashige Chiribagula Valentin,¹Okusa Ndjolo Philippe,¹Manya Mboni Henry,¹and Félicien Mushagalusa Kasali²

Academic Editor: Liaqat Hussain

Received20 Nov 2022

Revised05 Jun 2023

Accepted23 Aug 2023

Published20 Sept 2023

Abstract

Background. People with diabetes, herbalists, and traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) from Kinshasa use plants to treat diabetes, but no study has inventoried the plants used by these populations. The present study was conducted to identify the plants used in Kinshasa to treat diabetes mellitus. Methods. The survey conducted in the form of a semistructured interview between March 2005 and August 2006 made it possible to collect ethnobotanical information from people with diabetes (n = 126), herbalists (n = 80), and TMPs (n = 120). Results. The 326 subjects consulted (sex ratio M/F = 0.6, age 51 ± 7 years, and experience: 17 ± 5 years) provided information on 71 plants, most of which are trees (35%), belonging to 38 families dominated by Fabaceae (19.7%) and indicated in 51 other cases of consultation dominated by malaria (12%). From these 71 plants derived, 86 antidiabetic recipes were administered orally, where the leaf is the most used part (>50%) and the decoction (>46%) is the most common mode of preparation. This study reports for the first time the antidiabetic use of 11 species, among which Tephrosia vogelii^X (0.08), Chromolaena corymbosa^X (0.06), and Baphia capparidifolia^X (0.06) present the highest consensus indexes (CI) and Marsdenia latifolia^W (UVp = 0.08) and Rauvolfia mannii^X (UVp = 0.06) present the highest UVs. Conclusion. The results show that Kinshasa people treat diabetes using several plants. Some are specific to the ecological environment; others are used in other regions. Pharmacological studies are underway to assess the therapeutic efficacy of these plants.

1. Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic and chronic disease involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Hyperglycemia alone can impair pancreatic beta-cell function and contributes to impaired insulin secretion. The body cannot produce and secrete sufficient insulin hormone or use it effectively. This insulin deficiency leads to elevated blood glucose levels and decreases carbohydrate and protein metabolism [1, 2].

Worldwide, 537 million adults (20–79 years old) live with diabetes. This number is expected to rise to 643 million by 2030 and 783 million by 2045. More than 3 out of 4 adults with diabetes live in low-income countries like DR Congo, and diabetes has been responsible for 6.7 million deaths in 2021, i.e., one end every 5 seconds [1]. Cardiac, vascular, neurological, and renal damage and neuropathy may occur without appropriate treatment. Treatment includes diet, exercise, and medication [3]. Given that most cases occur in low-income countries, where a significant fraction of the population resorts to traditional medicine, which essentially uses plant resources, medicinal plants constitute a credible alternative in the fight against diabetes mellitus.

Natural products have been shown to play an essential role in regulating pathophysiological signaling pathways, particularly in diabetes [4]. Over 800 plant species showing hypoglycemic activities can be vital sources in discovering and developing new types of antidiabetic molecules [5].

Medicinal plants have a high potential to treat various ailments due to the presence of their significant bioactive phytoconstituents. Certain plants are rich sources of compounds reputed to be antidiabetic such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and tannins, improving pancreatic tissues’ efficiency by increasing insulin secretion or decreasing intestinal glucose absorption [6].

The World Health Organization insists that scientists conduct ethnomedicinal, ethnobotanical, and ethnopharmacological investigations to record and preserve traditional knowledge, create databases, and validate scientifically traditional claims from the perspective of developing improved medication [7].

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a country with similarities to other developing countries, data on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and the use rate of medicinal plants in their therapeutic load is not sufficiently available. Although less systematic, some studies have reported presumed antidiabetic plants in Kinshasa [8, 9].

This study completes the data reported in these studies while highlighting plants used by TMPs, diabetics, and herbalists in Kinshasa.

2. Methods

2.1. Experimental Framework

The city-province of Kinshasa is located between 4°18′ and 4°25′ south latitude and between 15°18′ and 15°22′ east longitude. It is bounded to the north and east by the province of Kwilu, to the south by the province of Congo Central, and to the west by the Republic of the Congo, with an average altitude of 300 m above the sea. Kinshasa city’s climate is tropical. It is characterized by a long rainy season lasting for 8 months (October–July), discontinuous between January and February, followed by August and September in favor of the short dry season. The vegetation of Kinshasa consists of degraded primitive forests, savannahs, and aquatic and semiaquatic formations in the valleys and Pool Malebo. It belongs to the Guinean-Congolese region, the Congolese basin domain, and the Congolese-Zambezian transition sector [10].

2.2. Ethnobotanical Data Collection

This cross-sectional descriptive ethnobotanical study was conducted between March 2005 and August 2006 through semistructured interviews based on a questionnaire. The discussion focused on knowledge about plants used to manage diabetes mellitus. Three groups of subjects were consulted: people with diabetes, herbalists, and TMPs from Kinshasa.

People with diabetes were met in 4 health zones of the city of Kinshasa: Bumbu, Kalamu, Limete, and Makala, covering the biomedical centers for the care of people with diabetes in Kinshasa supervised by BDOM (diocesan office of biomedical works). The reference health centers (RHCs) Libundi, Bondeko, Saint Clément, 2e Rue, the Bondeko clinic, and the Saint Joseph General Reference Hospital were concerned.

The herbalists consulted during this study were met in 5 popular markets in Kinshasa, the central market, the Selembao market, the Matadi Kibala market, the Mariano market, and the UPN market.

The TMPs were met in 4 communes of Kinshasa (Bumbu, Kalamu, Limete, and Makala). These municipalities are covered by the health zones selected during the survey of people with diabetes. TMPs were reached by snowballing from the TMPs provided by the population in each area concerned, and the investigations were carried out in Lingala. The listed plant species were collected and placed in herbariums, then compared to the reference herbariums from Kisantu (National Agricultural Study and Research Institute), to identify the scientific names. These were then formatted according to the Plants of the World online database: Plants of the World Online/Kew Science (https://powo.science.kew.org/) or African Plant Database (https://africanplantdatabase.ch/) or the World Flora Online (https://www.worldfloraonline.org/).

2.3. Data Analysis

Three ethnobotanical indexes were calculated to assess the significant species: the usual value (UV), the fidelity index (FI), and the consensus index (CI). The following formula determined the usual value (VU): VU = (∑Ui)/Ni, where Ui is the number of uses mentioned by an informant for a plant (organ) and Ni = the number of informants who cited the plant. The following formula calculated the consensus index on the plant (organ) (CI): CI= Np/N, where Np is the number of people who cited the plant (organ) and N is the number of people who were consulted in the study. The fidelity index of the recipe was calculated by the formula FI = nr/Np, where nr = the number of people who cited the recipe and Np is the number of people who cited the plant. Apart from the 3 ethnobotanical indexes mentioned above, the relative citation frequency (RCF) was also determined. It was calculated by the formula F_CR = nx100/N with n being the number of occurrences of the factor examined and N = total number of the population concerned. This factor was used to quantify various factors analyzed in this study, except those involved by the ethnobotanical indexes.

In this study, UV makes it possible to evaluate the medicinal importance of a plant in the environment; CI makes it possible to identify the level of consensus of the population on the use of a species in the management of diabetes mellitus; and FI makes it possible to establish the level of loyalty that emerges among informants on an antidiabetic recipe.

3. Results

3.1. Ethnobotanical Profile of Inventoried Plants

Seventy-one plants were inventoried during this study. These plants were informed by 3 types of informants, herbalists (class Y), diabetics (class X), and TMPs (class W). The coexistence of these 3 types of informants gave rise to two other classes, the class of plants common to the 3 sources (class Z) and plants familiar to herbalists and TMPs (class V). As such, the results show that 16 plants are from diabetics, 7 plants are from herbalists, 22 are from TMPs, 6 are from both herbalists and TMP, and 20 are from TMPs, herbalists, and diabetics (Table 1). It should be noted, however, that the TMP class provided the largest most significant number of species, i.e., 31% (Figures 1(c) and 1(d)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Each of these plants is named in one of the 15 Congolese ethnic groups reported in this study, of which Kikongo (50.7%) and Lingala (11.3%) occupy the first two places (Figure 2). These plants belong to 38 families dominated by the Fabaceae (19.7%), followed, respectively, by Rubiaceae Juss (7.0%), Apocynaceae Juss (5.6%), Asteraceae Bercht and J. Presl (5.6%), and Phyllanthaceae Martinov with 5.6% (Figure 3). These plant taxa are mostly trees (35%) or perennial herbs (31%) endemic to tropical Africa (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). Among the 71 inventoried species, only Persea americana Mill (30.67%), Senna alata (L.) Roxb (30.67%), Garcinia kola Heckel (18.40%), Piliostigma reticulatum (D.C.) Hochst (17.79%), and Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi and Galasso (17.79%) showed a relative citation frequency >15% (Table 1).

85% of identified medicinal plants in the present study have been previously used in local medicines as antidiabetic plants (13%). However, 72% have demonstrated an antihyperglycemic effect. Nevertheless, this study highlights 11 plant species never reported before as antidiabetic plants, among which Tephrosia vogelii^X (F_CR = 7.98), Chromolaena corymbosa^X (F_CR = 6.44), and Baphia capparidifolia^X (F_CR = 5.52) are the most cited (Table 1).

3.2. Ethnomedical Profile of Inventoried Plants

The 71 plants inventoried during this study are used in 86 antidiabetic recipes, of which 80 recipes use one plant, and 6 combine two plants (Table 2). The administration of the two types of recipes is essentially done orally, the leaf is the most used organ (50 and 58.3%), and decoction is the most predominant mode of preparation with 46.3 and 66.7% (Figure 4).

Figure 4 indicates that Baphia capparidifolia, Chromolaena corymbosa, Marsdenia latifolia, Rauvolfia mannii, and Tephrosia vogelii are among the critical plant species, according to their consensus index and use value.

In these recipes (R81–R86), we can observe the associations of leaves-leaves, roots-roots, and leaves-roots, representing half of these associations. Only 12 of the 71 plants are involved in the recipes combining two plants. For these recipes of plants in association, the treatment duration varies between 30 and 45 days, and it is the combination of Albizia adianthifolia (leaves) and Annona senegalensis (roots) with an RCF of 4.6 which is the most cited: R85 (Table 3).

The consensus indexes of the identified antidiabetic recipes (ICR) varied between 0.01 and 0.31, with the highest value observed for the recipes R61, based on Persea americana^X leaves, and R72, based on leaves of Senna alata^X.

For the 11 plants reported for the first time by this study as antidiabetics, the ICRs vary between 0.08 and 0.01, with Tephrosia vogelii^X (0.08), Chromolaena corymbosa^X (0.06), and Baphia capparidifolia^X (0.06) showing the highest values. Usual plant UVp values vary between 0.02 and 0.12; the highest values were observed in Annona senegalensis^W, Nauclea latifolia^Y, and Erythrina abyssinica^W with an UVp = 0.12 each. Note also that in the group of 11 taxa reported for prayer times by this study, UVp varies between 0.02 and 0.08; these are Marsdenia latifolia^W (UVp = 0.08) and Rauvolfia mannii^X (UVp = 0.06) which presented the highest values in this class (Table 2).

The 71 plants inventoried are involved in 51 other causes of consultation, including malaria (12%), cough (9%), diarrhea (7%), wounds (6%), and sexual weakness, which occupy the first 5 places. The other pathologies are below the 5% mark (Figure 5).

3.3. Sociodemographic Profile of Subjects Consulted

The surveyed and consulted during this study were either diabetics (38.7%) or herbalists (24.5%) or practitioners of traditional medicine (36.8%), primarily women (62.3%) whose majority age is between 48 and 58 years old. Still, the extremes are 18 and 70 years old. They mainly live either in the municipality of Kalamu (29.8%) or in Makala (29.4%), and their level of education is, on average, secondary (47.2%). They mainly exercise 4 types of profession, the most representative of which is either commerce (28.5%) or liberal work (24.2%). In most cases, they have experienced more than 11 years of use of medicinal plants in managing diabetes (Table 4).

We also sought to determine the correlation between a few variables that characterize the subjects consulted within the framework of this study. The results show a positive linear correlation (R = 0.95, y = 0.4134x-6.5581) between the age of diabetic subjects and the number of years they have lived with diabetes. Similarly, a positive linear correlation is also observed between the age of herbalists and their years of experience (y = 0.5148x − 13.198, R² = 0.8372). In the same way, we noted a positive between the TMP age of the TMPs and the profession’s expertise (y = 0.4076x − 8.3606, R² = 0.807) and their age with the number of patients they receive per quarter, y = 0.4525x − 10.394, R² = 0.9482 (Figure 6).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

4. Discussion

The Congolese, particularly the flora of Kinshasa, have plants that traditional medicine practitioners and the general population use to manage diabetes. This study was interested in inventorying these plants and presenting their ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal profiles. The study reported 71 taxa used in 86 recipes to treat diabetes mellitus.

These 71 plants are primarily trees from the Fabaceae family, endemic to tropical Africa, and are named mainly in Kikongo (Table 1 and Figures 2 and 3). These results are in agreement with the literature. Indeed, Fabaceae is reported to be the most prominent family of trees in Africa’s tropical and dry forests [113]. This importance of Fabaceae is observed both within the plant kingdom [114] and within African medicinal plants in particular [115]. The numerical predominance of Fabaceae in sub-Saharan Africa has been attributed to their ability to scavenge atmospheric nitrogen, allowing them to grow in nutrient-poor and rich soils [116]. In our experimental framework, no accessible study has addressed the question of the preponderance of a botanical family over all the taxa used in traditional medicine in Kinshasa. Such a study would be desirable. However, the analysis of some ethnobotanical studies in Kinshasa shows that the Fabaceae constitutes one of the three most evoked families. Some previous studies in the Kinshasa reported the predominance of certain botanical families over others. As an illustration, a study on ethnopharmacological surveys of plants used in female intimate baths [116] mentioned the predominance of Rubiaceae (37%) and Fabaceae (11%). In contrast, another study on plants used to treat the symptoms of tuberculosis [117] reported the predominance of Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, and Lamiaceae, each with an FCR of 8.3%. In the same way, FCR = 47% and FCR = 12.7% were found respectively in the families of Rubiaceae and Fabaceae for a study on plants sold on the Kinshasa market [118], and an FCR of 7.7% in Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Zingiberaceae for medicinal plants of the Lukunga district [119]. There are also studies done on the management of diabetes in the region. This is the case of a survey carried out in the Kimbanseke and Selembao communes: n = 21, Rubiaceae F_CR = 33.3%, Fabaceae F_CR = 19.1% [9], or the study in Kwango and Kinshasa: n = 68, Fabaceae F_CR = 19.1% [8]. It would nevertheless be interesting to carry out an inventory of plants known to be medicinal in the DRC to highlight their specific ethnobotanical characteristics. This concern has not been the subject of this study, which nevertheless contributes to highlighting the need for such data.

The literature review carried out on 71 taxa shows that it is possible to group the plants into 3 classes: species for which no ethnobotanical or pharmacological information is available (class α), those with ethnopharmacological use without any scientific evidence (class δ), and species for which scientific evidence is available (class β) (Figure 1(d)). The fact that 70% of species found are reported to be antihyperglycemic in vivo models (using rats) reinforces the credibility of the information obtained from our study. It suggests a high probability of finding those with antihyperglycemic activity among the 30% of the remaining species.

The 6 plant species whose antidiabetic ethnomedicinal knowledge is reported for the first time during this study and for which no pharmacological antidiabetic activity survey is registered in the accessible literature to date are Acalypha paniculata, Baphia capparidifolia, Chromolaena corymbosa, Crotalaria medicaginea, Platymitra arborea, and Rauvolfia mannii. On the other hand, 11 medicinal plants, including Antidesma venosum, Costus phyllocephalus, Crinum ornatum, Diospyros heudelotii, Gladiolus gregarius, Lippia multiflora, Millettia drastica, Mitragyna stipulosa, Palisota schweinfurthii, Tephrosia vogelii, and Terminalia mollis, have been quoted in traditional medicine as treating diabetes mellitus in various countries. However, they are not yet scientifically validated (Table 1). In both cases, these plants constitute a great richness in the database for future preclinical investigations. However, the antidiabetic evaluation of Costus lucanusianus has been validated after several research attempts; no study has confirmed the local antidiabetic use of this plant.

Previous studies on traditional healers and medicinal plant vendors have identified some species used in Kinshasa city (Figure 7) to manage diabetes mellitus. Thus, Abelmoschus esculentus, Albizia adianthifolia, Alchornea cordifolia, Azadirachta indica, Bridelia ferruginea, Catharanthus roseus, Costus phyllocephalus, Cymbopogon citratus, Dysphania ambrosioides, Erythrina abyssinica, Ficus benghalensis, Gymnanthemum amygdalinum, Lippia multiflora, Morinda lucida, Nauclea latifolia, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phyllanthus niruri, Psidium guajava, Schwenckia americana, Senna alata [8], Annona senegalensis [8, 73, 119], Garcinia kola [73, 119] Gladiolus gregarius [119], Monodora myristica [120], and Persea americana [8, 118] have been cited.

Concerning ethnobotanical indexes, it should be noted that for an ethnobotanical study targeted towards a specific pathology, the relative frequency of citations corresponds to the consensual citation index of the plant, which translates the consensus reached around a particular plant species on targeted use. There is a higher consensus for the 11 taxa not studied on using Tephrosia vogelii leaves (CIp = 0.08) as an antidiabetic than any other species of the same category (Table 2). This precedence which may result from this ethnobotanical index (CIp) is, however, to be put into perspective by the fact that a single category only told the plant of the subjects consulted, namely, people with diabetes, unlike, in particular, the leaves of the Crinum ornatum^Z species which present the weakness of ethnobotanical index whose value is twice lower than that of Tephrosia vogelii (CIp = 0.04), but whose strength lies in the fact that it was informed simultaneously by the three sources: diabetics, TMPs, and herbalists, which reinforces the consensus around its use as an antidiabetic in the study environment.

The study population uses three plant species most because of their highest UV of the series (0.12). These are Annona senegalensis, Erythrina abyssinica, and Nauclea latifolia (Table 2). This justifies their lower usual value of 0.02 (Table 2). All of its plants belong to the taxa category, whose ethnobotanical and pharmacological knowledge of diabetes has previously been reported. Therefore, the most common plants in the study would not be the most interesting in the context of this study, which aims to enhance the ethnopharmacological knowledge of Kinshasa. If, in most cases, each plant inventoried during this study is also known and used by our resource persons for at least one other pathology, it should be emphasized that this is not the case with Tephrosia vogelii^X and Platymitra arborea^Y for which our informants only use it in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Malaria (FCR = 12%), cough (FCR = 9%), and diarrhea (FCR = 7%) constituted the 3 first pathologies, apart from diabetes, for which the plants listed during this study are used. These pathologies are among the 10 most deadly pathologies in the DRC [121], suggesting that traditional medicine from Kinshasa will likely contribute to managing specific pathologies of concern in DR Congo. It would be interesting to carry out studies to validate this ethnopharmacological knowledge to rightly understand the assistance of conventional medicine from Kinshasa in managing pathologies such as diabetes.

The 71 inventoried plant taxa made it possible to list 86 antidiabetic recipes, 80 of which use a single plant (Table 2), and 6 recipes combine 2 simultaneous medicinal plants (Table 3). Nonetheless, considering all previous ethnopharmacological studies conducted in DR Congo [8, 15, 38, 48], this one reports antidiabetic recipes of the plants used in association for the first time.

Of all the antidiabetic recipes using a single plant and reported during this study, the leaf and the decoction constitute the most used organ and mode of preparation. These results (Figure 8) are in agreement with the studies carried out on the plants of Kisangani: leaf (57.6%), decoction (78.8%), and n = 33 [38], and plants of DR Congo gathered in a review article, leaves 39.2%, decoction: 60.5%, and n = 213 [52]. Some disparities are nevertheless observed in a study in South Katanga, where the decoction (62.5%) was found to be the primary way of preparation and the root was found to be the most used organ: 41.3%, n = 95 [15]. The same is true in the study carried out simultaneously in Kwango and Kinshasa (n = 68), where the leaves at 65% proved to be the most used organ and maceration with 63% was found to be the most common mode of preparation solicited [8]. The herbal antidiabetic recipes used in Kinshasa align with the national trend, unlike those used in Lubumbashi, the country’s second-largest city.

(a)

(b)

According to the subjects consulted, using a decoction would aim to extract and activate the active ingredient. This is a mixed idea, especially since this extraction procedure is more beneficial than harmful. Indeed, as much as it could facilitate the release of certain active principles often present in the plant in the form of glucosides, it could not only release specific toxic secondary metabolites such as cyanogenic glycosides [122] but also deteriorate the active ingredient when the latter is thermolabile [123–125]. Therefore, this practice remains to be assessed case-by-case, and only experimental work could determine its fair value.

About the various correlations established on specific characteristics of the subjects consulted (Figure 8), this study shows that the older the diabetic issues, the longer they have lived with diabetes, which suggests that most of the subjects consulted would be diabetics from type 1. Similarly, the study reveals that the oldest TMPs, the most experienced and skilled, see more patients. This supposes that traditional medicine requires time to retain patients who would be more confident towards the most experienced. This attitude is also observed in conventional medicine, where rationality would like the patient to be reassured by the doctor’s experience before being consulted, especially for specific pathologies.

5. Conclusion

Several plants are used in Kinshasa to manage diabetes mellitus by herbalists as well as by people with diabetes and traditional medicine practitioners. This study highlights not only antidiabetic recipes but also plants reported only in Kinshasa for the management of diabetes. It also evokes their usual values in this environment. It opens the way for a subsequent study to validate the antidiabetic use, particularly of particular species of the environment and those of specific special interest there.

Data Availability

The data used in this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

BCV designed, formatted, and analyzed the data, developed methods, and drafted the first manuscript. FMK and MMH performed study checks. BCV, ONP, and FMK were responsible for manuscript corrections.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Herbarium of Kisantu, the National Agricultural Study and Research Institute of Kinshasa, for identifying plant species and the TMPs, herbalists, and people with diabetes in Kinshasa for the acquisition of ethnobotanical information on plants. The late Professor Joseph Moswa Lokonda is greatly thanked for initiating this project.

References

International Diabetes Federation, IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium, 102th edition, 2021.
F. M. Kasali, J. N. Kadima, J. Tusiimire, and A. G. Agaba, “Hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic, and toxic effects of Physalis peruviana L. aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts in Wistar rats,” Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 14, pp. 185–193, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Moradi, S. Abbaszadeh, S. Shahsavari, M. Alizadeh, and F. Beyranvand, “The most useful medicinal herbs to treat diabetes,” Biomedical Research and Therapy, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 2538–2551, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. K. Singh, V. Raj, and A. K. Keshari, “Isolated mangiferin and naringenin exert antidiabetic effect via PPARγ/GLUT4 dual agonistic action with strong metabolic regulation,” Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 280, pp. 33–44, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. K. Patel, S. K. Prasad, R. Kumar, and S. Hemalatha, “An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 320–330, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Kooti, M. Farokhipour, Z. Asadzadeh, D. Ashtary-Larky, and M. Asadi-Samani, “The role of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes: a systematic review,” Electronic Physician, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1832–1842, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. M. Kasali, J. Tusiimire, J. N. Kadima, and A. G. Agaba, “Ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents, and evidence-based pharmacological properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides L: extensive overview,” Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 153, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Tuwisana Masunda, C. L. Inkoto, and G. N. Bongo, “Ethnobotanical and ecological studies of plants used in the treatment of diabetes in Kwango, Kongo central and Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 18–25, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. L. Mandjo, P. A. Dande, and B. N. Iyuki, “Etude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales traitant le diabète dans les communes de Kimbanseke & Selembao, Province de Kinshasa en République Démocratique du Congo [Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants treating diabetes in the communes of Kimbansek,” International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 779–790, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
O. T. Bukasa, D. Iskakova, and S. A. Ganiyu, “Influencing factors of plastic waste pollution reduction in Kinshasa,” Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, vol. 08, no. 12, pp. 180–199, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. L. Peter, P. B. Nagendrappa, and S. Hilonga, “Pharmacological reflection of plants traditionally used to manage diabetes mellitus in Tanzania,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 269, Article ID 113715, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. L. Peter, P. B. Nagendrappa, C. O. Ajayi, and C. D. Sesaazi, “Total polyphenols and antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous fruits extract of Abelmoschus esculentus: modeling and optimization of extraction conditions,” PLoS One, vol. 16, no. 4, Article ID e0250405, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Mohammed, N. A. Koorbanally, and M. S. Islam, “Ethyl acetate fraction of Aframomum melegueta fruit ameliorates pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and major diabetes-related parameters in a type 2 diabetes model of rats,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 175, pp. 518–527, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Elizabeth, O. T. Adenike, S. O. Babarinde, J. M. Adelowo, and O. O. Oluokun, “Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic potentials of methanol leaf extracts of Aframomum melegueta and Piper guineense,” European Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Amuri, M. Maseho, L. Simbi, P. Duez, and K. Byanga, “Ethnobotanical survey of herbs used in the management of diabetes mellitus in Southern Katanga area/DR Congo,” The Pan African medical journal, vol. 30, p. 218, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Amuri, M. Maseho, and L. Simbi, “Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities of nine medicinal herbs used as antidiabetic in the region of Lubumbashi (DR Congo),” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1029–1033, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. K. Eric, K. V. Valentin, and L. Jean, “Popular medicinal plants used by the Bantu people and Pygmies living in the administrative territories of Beni and Lubero (DRC),” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 10, no. 30, pp. 479–494, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. K. Mohammed, S. Ibrahim, and S. E. Atawodi, “Anti-diabetic and haematological effects of n-butanol fraction of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats,” Scientific Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 45–53, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Idm’hand, F. Msanda, and K. Cherifi, “Ethnopharmacological review of medicinal plants used to manage diabetes in Morocco,” Clinical Phytoscience, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 18, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Dhingra, D. Lamba, R. Kumar, P. Nath, and S. Gauttam, “Antihyperlipidemic activity ofAloe succotrinain rats: possibly mediated by inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase,” ISRN Pharmacology, vol. 2014, Article ID 243575, 9 pages, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
U. F. Ezuruike and J. M. Prieto, “The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: pharmacological and toxicological considerations,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 155, no. 2, pp. 857–924, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Archana, K. Soumya, J. James, and S. Sudhakaran, “Root extracts of Anacardium occidentale reduce hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in vitro,” Clinical Phytoscience, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 57–59, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Giovannini, M. J. R. Howes, and S. E. Edwards, “Medicinal plants used in the traditional management of diabetes and its sequelae in Central America: a review,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 184, pp. 58–71, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. S. Jaiswal, P. A. Tatke, S. Y. Gabhe, and A. B. Vaidya, “Antidiabetic activity of extracts of Anacardium occidentale Linn. leaves on n-streptozotocin diabetic rats,” Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 421–427, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. A. Olatunji, J. I. Okwusidi, and A. O. Soladoye, “Antidiabetic effect of Anacardium occidentale stem-bark in fructose-diabetic rats,” Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 589–593, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Nanti, S. Bi, O. Zahoui, and F. Traore, “Comparative study of Annona senegalensis (Annonaceae) and Hallea ledermannii (Rubiacaceae) effects on glycemia in rats,” Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 1, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. M. Mbayo, M. E. Kalonda, and T. P. Tshisand, “Contribution to ethnobotanical knowledge of some Euphorbiaceae used in traditional medicine in Lubumbashi and its surroundings (DRC),” Journal of advanced botany and zoology, vol. 4, no. 2, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Lutgen, J. Munyangi, M. Idumbo, and B. Mupenda, “Five case reports on treatment of diabetes by Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra herbal tea,” Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 79–85, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. A. Issa and M. Hussen Bule, “Hypoglycemic Effect of aqueous and methanolic extract of Artemisia afra on alloxan induced diabetic Swiss albino mice,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2015, Article ID 752486, 5 pages, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Lankatillake, T. Huynh, and D. A. Dias, “Understanding glycaemic control and current approaches for screening antidiabetic natural products from evidence-based medicinal plants,” Plant Methods, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 105, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Vadivelan, R. Gopala Krishnan, and R. Kannan, “Antidiabetic potential of Asparagus racemosus Willd leaf extracts through inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase,” Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–4, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Saleem, U. Mumtaz, M. U. Bashir, H. J. Qureshi, and A. Saleem, “Comparison of hypoglycemic effects of azadirachta indica seeds and leaves on alloxan induced diabetes in male albino rats,” Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 753–756, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
S. M. Patil, P. S. Shirahatti, and R. Ramu, “Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) against diabetes mellitus: a critical review on its phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology,” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 681–710, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Lagat and M. D. Ng’wena, “Effects of Achyranthes aspera, Bidens pilosa and Ajuga remota leaf extracts on serum glucose and electrolyte levels in alloxan treated male goats,” African Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 537–549, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
S. V. Sathasivampillai, P. R. S. Rajamanoharan, M. Munday, and M. Heinrich, “Plants used to treat diabetes in Sri Lankan Siddha Medicine – an ethnopharmacological review of historical and modern sources,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 198, pp. 531–599, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. C. S Vasundhara and S. Gayathri Devi, “Effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Boerhavia diffusa on carbohydrate metabolising enzymes, renal and hepatic markers in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 43–47, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Akhter, S. Sultan Alvi, and P. Ahmad, “Therapeutic efficacy of Boerhaavia diffusa (Linn.) root methanolic extract in attenuating streptozotocin-induced diabetes, diabetes-linked hyperlipidemia and oxidative-stress in rats,” Biomedical Research and Therapy, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 3293–3306, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Katemo, P. T. Mpiana, and B. M. Mbala, “Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used against diabetes in Kisangani city (DR Congo),” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 39–43, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Thirumalai, S. V. Therasa, E. K. Elumalai, and E. David, “Hypoglycemic effect of Brassica juncea (seeds) on streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rat,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 323–325, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. O. Ajagun-ogunleye, M. Tirwomwe, and R. N. Mitaki, “Hypoglycemic and High Dosage Effects of <i&gt;Bidens pilosa&lt;/i&gt; in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus,” Journal of Diabetes Mellitus, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 146–154, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. H. Jo, C. Y. Cho, and K. S. Ha, “In vitro and in vivo anti-hyperglycemic effects of green and red mustard leaves (Brassica juncea var. integrifolia),” Journal of Food Biochemistry, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. e12583–e12588, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. N. Yeboah, F. W. A. Owusu, and M. A. Archer, “Bridelia ferruginea Benth.; an ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological review,” Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 8, Article ID e10366, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Batomayena, B. Benedicte, and D. Aboudoulatif, “Catechins as antidiabetic compounds of Bridelia ferruginea Benth root bark extract,” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 182–186, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Sanvee, O. Simalou, and G. W. Tchani, “Antidiabetic activity of tannin fraction of Bridelia ferruginea (Benth) leaf extract on fructose-induced diabetic mice,” J Herbmed Pharmacol, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 68–74, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. O. Odukoya, J. O. Odukoya, E. M. Mmutlane, and D. T. Ndinteh, “Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and their associated risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa,” Plants, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 1387, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. A. Anigboro, O. J. Avwioroko, and N. J. Tonukari, “Brillantasia patula aqueous leaf extract averts hyperglycermia, lipid peroxidation, and alterations in hematological parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats,” International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 43–51, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Gargi, P. Semwal, and S. B. Jameel Pasha, “Revisiting the nutritional, chemical and biological potential of Cajanus cajan (L.) millsp.) Millsp,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 20, p. 6877, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. F. Kasali, A. O. Mahano, and F. M. Bwironde, “Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used against diabetes in Bukavu city (D.R. Congo),” The Journal of Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine, vol. 119, pp. 538–546, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
L. C. Yetendje, G. S. S. Njateng, and A.-J. A. Dongmo, “In Vivo antidiabetic activity and mechanism of action of three Cameroonian medicinal plant extracts,” International Journal of Regulation and Governance, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 415–430, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Suntar, H. Khan, S. Patel, R. Celano, and L. Rastrelli, “An overview on Citrus aurantium L.: its functions as food ingredient and therapeutic agent,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2018, Article ID 7864269, 12 pages, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Saliu and O. Fapohunda, “The Antihyperglycemic, Hepatoprotective and renoprotective potentials of the aqueous extract of Costus lucanusianus on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats,” Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1–10, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. M. Kasali, J. N. Kadima, and E. L. Peter, “Antidiabetic medicinal plants used in Democratic Republic of Congo: a critical review of ethnopharmacology and bioactivity data,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 12, pp. 757090–757140, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. M. Idris and H. P. Nenge, “Antihyperglycaemic and antilipidaemic properties of ethanol stem bark extract of Crossopteryx febrifuga in alloxan-induced diabetic rats,” ChemSearch Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 130–137, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
H. A. Garba, A. Mohammed, M. A. Ibrahim, and M. N. Shuaibu, “Effect of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) tea in a type 2 diabetes rat model,” Clinical Phytoscience, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 19–10, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Mujesh and P. Namita, “Medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential-a review,” American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 81–94, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
H. A. Ogbunugafor, E. E. Ilodigwe, and D. L. Ajaghaku, “Dioscorea dumetorum-fed rats exhibited decreased body weight, blood glucose, and insulin in STZ-induced diabetes,” Functional Foods in Health and Disease, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 87–97, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. M. Kasali, J. N. Kadima, J. Tusiimire, C. O. Ajayi, and A. G. Agaba, “Effects of the oral administration of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Amaranthaceae) on blood glucose levels in Wistar rats,” Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 14, pp. 139–148, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Khanal and B. M. Patil, “Integration of in silico, in vitro and ex vivo pharmacology to decode the anti-diabetic action of Ficus benghalensis L. bark,” Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1325–1337, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Izu, A. Adeyi, O. Erukainure, and M. I. Biokemistri, “Gamma-sitosterol–rich fraction from the methanolic extract of Ficus exasperata restores diabetes associated pathophysiological alterations in an alloxan-induced,” Biokemistri, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 39–52, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
A. M. Dogara, S. W. Hamad, and H. A. Hama, “Biological evaluation of Garcinia kola Heckel,” Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 2022, Article ID 3837965, 15 pages, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. I. Etim, N. S. Etukudoh, and O. B. Olumide, “Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of bitter kola (<i&gt;Garcinia kola&lt;/i&gt;) seed extract on alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats,” Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 127–134, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. J. Toyang and R. Verpoorte, “A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae),” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 681–723, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Vonia, R. Hartati, and M. Insanu, “In vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and the isolation of luteolin from the flower of Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (delile) sch. Bip ex walp,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 7, p. 2132, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Biduaya, K.-N. Ngbolua, and N. Kabamba, “Review on ethnobotany, phytochemitry and bioactivity of the Tropical medicinal plant species Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poiret. (Hypericaceae),” Discovery Phytomedicine, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 138–144, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
E. P. Ebong Pe, G. Igile, and B. Mgbeje, “Hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of methanolic leaf extract of Heinsia crinita (Rubiaceae) in alloxan-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats,” IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37–43, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. I. A. Mgbeje, E. M. Asenye, I. A. Iwara, G. O. Igile, and P. E. Ebong, “Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties of n-hexane fraction of Heinsia crinita crude leaf extracts,” World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 185–197, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Danladi, N. B. Lawal, and A. M. Alhassan, “A review on the phytochemical and pharmcological activities of Hymenocardia acida Tul (Phyllantaceae),” Journal of Current Biomedical Research, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 1–13, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Venkatesh, R. Latha, and R. N. Anaswara, “Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidant activities of ethanolic extract of Lantana camara leaves,” International Journal of Frontiers in Life Science Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 5–15, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. M. Shah, H. Alharby, and K. R. Hakeem, “Lantana camara: a Comprehensive review on phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and essential oil composition,” Letters in Applied NanoBioScience, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1199–1207, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
M. B. Ekong, M. D. Peter, and A. I. Peter, “Cerebellar neurohistology and behavioural effects of gongronema latifolium and rauwolfia vomitoria in mice,” Metabolic Brain Disease, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 521–527, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Al-Hindi, N. Yusoff, and I. Atangwho, “A soxhlet extract of Gongronema latifolium retains moderate blood glucose lowering effect and produces structural recovery in the pancreas of STZ-induced diabetic rats,” Medical Science, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 9, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. L. Moswa, C. Ciamala, and B. Bongombola, “Plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the Democratic Republic of Congo,” Annales de Pharmacie, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 87–93, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Ngbolua, B. L. Mandjo, and J. M. Munsebi, “Etudes ethnobotanique et écologique des plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle dans le District de la Lukunga à Kinshasa (RD du Congo) [Ethno-botanical and ecological studies of medicinal plant species traditionally used in Lukunga district,” Kinome, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 612–633, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
O. B. Afolabi, O. I. Oloyede, B. T. Aluko, and J. A. Johnson, “Biosynthesis of magnesium hydroxide nanomaterials using Monodora myristica, antioxidative activities and effect on disrupted glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat,” Food Bioscience, vol. 41, Article ID 101023, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Chokki, M. Cudalbeanu, and C. Zongo, “Exploring antioxidant and enzymes (A-Amylase and B-Glucosidase) inhibitory activity of morinda lucida and momordica charantia leaves from Benin,” Foods, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 434–521, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. A. Adeneye, J. A. Olagunju, and B. H. Olatunji, “Modulatory effect of Morinda lucida aqueous stem bark extract on blood glucose and lipid profile in alloxan-induced diabetic rats,” African Journal of Biomedical Research, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 75–84, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Ozougwu, “Nigerian medicinal plants with anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive properties,” European Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1–9, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Awwad, P. Poucheret, and Y. A. Idres, “In vitro tests for a rapid evaluation of antidiabetic potential of plant species containing caffeic acid derivatives: a validation by two well-known antidiabetic plants, ocimum gratissimum l. leaf and musanga cecropioides r. br. ex tedlie (mu) stem bark,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 18, p. 5566, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Bading Taika, M. Bouckandou, and A. Souza, “An overview of anti-diabetic plants used in Gabon: pharmacology and Toxicology,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 216, pp. 203–228, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. L. Oyetayo, O. A. Oseni, O. S. Akinlolu, and D. U. Momodu, “Antidiabetic, antilipidemic and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of morinda lucida and nauclea latifolia leaves in alloxan induced rats,” Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 11602–11615, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
O. Ugbogu, O. Emmanuel, G. O. Agi, and C. Ibe, “A review on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.),” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 11, Article ID e08404, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
U. Odoh, P. Osadebe, C. Asogwa, E. Okonta, and V. Chekwube, “Studies on the antidiabetic effects of methanol extract of Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth (Fabaceae) stem bark on alloxan-induced diabetic model,” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 617–621, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Salehi, A. Ata, and N. V. A. Kumar, “Antidiabetic potential of medicinal plants and their active components,” Biomolecules, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 551, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. M. Kouamé, C. Koffi, and K. S. N’zoué, “Comparative antidiabetic activity of aqueous, ethanol, and methanol leaf extracts of Persea americana and their effectiveness in Type 2 diabetic rats,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2019, Article ID 5984570, 14 pages, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. M. Abd Elkader, S. Labib, and T. F. Taha, “Phytogenic compounds from avocado (Persea americana L.) extracts; antioxidant activity, amylase inhibitory activity, therapeutic potential of type 2 diabetes,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1428–1433, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Przeor, “Some common medicinal plants with antidiabetic activity, known and available in Europe (A mini-Review),” Pharmaceuticals, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 65, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Valencia-Mejía, K. A. Batista, J. J. A. Fernández, and K. F. Fernandes, “Antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic activity of naturally occurring peptides and protein hydrolysates from easy-to-cook and hard-to-cook beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.),” Food Research International, vol. 121, pp. 238–246, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Méril-Mamert, A. Ponce-Mora, and M. Sylvestre, “Antidiabetic potential of plants from the Caribbean basin,” Plants, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 1360, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. O. Ofuegbe, A. A. Adedapo, and A. A. Adeyemi, “Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the methanol leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus in some laboratory animals,” Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 175–180, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Najari Beidokhti, M. V. Andersen, and H. M. Eid, “Investigation of antidiabetic potential of Phyllanthus niruri L. using assays for α-glucosidase, muscle glucose transport, liver glucose production, and adipogenesis,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 493, no. 1, pp. 869–874, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Nole, T. D. Wilfried Lionel, T. F. Stheve Cedrix, and A. A. Gabriel, “Ethnomedical and ethnopharmacological study of plants used for potential treatments of diabetes and arterial hypertension by indigenous people in three phytogeographic regions of Cameroon,” Diabetes Case Reports, vol. 1, no. 2, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. F. Ajayi, O. S. Ojerinde, A. Yatar, A. D. Agba, and M. O. Uguru, “Antidiabetic effect of methanolic extract of Piliostigma reticulatum leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats,” Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1–12, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Jere, C. C. Ezeala, and L. Prashar, “Phytochemical studies and blood glucose lowering effect of Zambian cultivars of Piliostigma thonningii in alloxan-induced diabetic rats,” Medical Journal of Zambia, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 70–77, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. O. Wodu, S. C. Iwuji, and O. Macstephen, “Antihyperglycaemic activity of Piper guineense in diabetic female albino wistar rats,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Phytopharmacological Research, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1–4, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Balkrishna, S. Singh, and D. Srivastava, “Quassia amara L.: a comprehensive review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity,” The Journal of Phytopharmacology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 194–199, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. F. Ferreira, S. C. S. F. Azevedo, M. Vardanega-Peicher, C. L. S. Pagadigorria, and R. F. Garcia, “Anti-hiperglycemic effect of Quassia amara (Simaroubaceae) in normal and diabetic rats,” Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 368–372, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Fah, H. Koudokpon, and J. Dougnon, “Evaluation des propriétés antihyperglycémiantes de Schwenckia americana L: une plante utilisée dans le traitement du diabète au Bénin,” Ethnopharmacologia, vol. 54, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Mohammed, M. A. Ibrahim, and M. S. Islam, “African medicinal plants with antidiabetic potentials: a review,” Planta Medica, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 354–377, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Onyegeme-Okerenta and F. Anacletus, “Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic potentials of Senna alata and its effect on the pancreas of alloxan-diabetic induced albino rats,” Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. N. Uwazie, M. T. Yakubu, A. O. T. Ashafa, and T. O. Ajiboye, “Identification and characterization of anti-diabetic principle in Senna alata (Linn.) flower using alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar rats,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 261, Article ID 112997, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. T. Yakubu, T. O. Sunmonu, and F. B. Lewu, “Medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus 2015,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2015, no. 1, Article ID 467196, 2 pages, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Lum Nde, C. I. Chukwuma, O. Erukainure, M. Chukwuma, and M. Matsabisa, “Ethnobotanical, phytochemical, toxicology and anti-diabetic potential of Senna occidentalis (L.) link; A review,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 283, Article ID 114663, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. M. Gidado, Y. Tanko, N. H. Sada, and A. Mohammed, “Effects of <i>Senna occidentalis</i> leaf supplement on blood glucose level, liver enzymes and total protein in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats,” Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 68–75, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. K. Mishra, P. Chahal, H. Singh, A. Kumar, and A. Mishra, “Exploration of hepatoprotective and antidiabetic potential of Senna occidentalis L. and isolation of a bioactive compound by column chromatography,” South African Journal of Botany, vol. 148, pp. 144–153, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. B. M. N. Uddin, F. Hossain, A. S. M. A. Reza, M. S. Nasrin, and A. H. M. K. Alam, “Traditional uses, pharmacological activities, and phytochemical constituents of the genus Syzygium: a review,” Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1789–1819, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Deliwe and G. J. Amabeoku, “Evaluation of the antidiarrhoeal and antidiabetic activities of the leaf aqueous extract of Syzygium cordatum Hoscht. ex C.Krauss (Mytraceae) in rodents,” International Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 125–133, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Njanje, V. P. Bagla, and B. K. Beseni, “Defatting of acetone leaf extract of Acacia karroo (Hayne) enhances its hypoglycaemic potential,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 482–511, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. S. P. Pereira, H. Den Haan, and J. Peña-García, “Exploring african medicinal plants for potential anti-diabetic compounds with the DIA-DB inverse virtual screening web server,” Molecules, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 2002–2030, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. K. Abolaji, A. Ukwuani-Kwaja, I. Sani, and M. Sylvester, “In-vitro antidiabetic effect of Ziziphus mucronata leave extracts,” Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, vol. 11, no. 6-S, pp. 9–13, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. M. H. Da Costa Mousinho, J. J. Van Tonder, and V. Steenkamp, “In vitro anti-diabetic activity of Sclerocarya birrea and Ziziphus mucronata,” Natural Product Communications, vol. 8, no. 9, Article ID 1934578X1300800, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. M. Kingo and S. M. Maregesi, “Ethnopharmacological study on some medicinal plants used in Ujiji, Kigoma, Tanzania,” The Journal of Phytopharmacology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 102–109, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Ibrahim and M. S. Islam, “Effects of butanol fraction of Ziziphus mucronata root ethanol extract on glucose homeostasis, serum insulin and other diabetes-related parameters in a murine model for type 2 diabetes,” Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 416–422, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Ahmad, F. Anwar, and S. Hira, “Review on medicinal importance of fabaceae family,” PhOL, vol. 3, no. 152, pp. 151–156, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Usman, W. R. Khan, and N. Yousaf, “Exploring the phytochemicals and anti-cancer potential of the members of Fabaceae family: a Comprehensive Review,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 12, p. 3863, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. E. Van Wyk, “A family-level floristic inventory and analysis of medicinal plants used in Traditional African Medicine,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 249, Article ID 112351, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. E. Van Wyk, “The diversity and multiple uses of southern African legumes,” Australian Systematic Botany, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 519–546, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Kabena, K. Ngombe, and K. Ngbolua, “Etudes ethnobotanique et écologique des plantes d’hygiène intime féminine utilisées à Kinshasa (République Démocratique du Congo),” International Journal of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, vol. 8, no. 6, p. 2626, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K.-N. Ngbolua, G. N. Bongo, and M. C. Ashande, “Ethno-botanical survey and ecological study of plants resources used in folk medicine to treat symptoms of tuberculosis in Kinshasa City, Democratic Republic of the Congo,” Journal of Modern Drug Discovery and Drug Delivery Research, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1–6, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Ngbolua, C. Inkoto, and N. Mongo, “Étude ethnobotanique et floristique de quelques plantes médicinales commercialisées à Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo,” Revue Marocaine des Sciences Agronomiques et Vétérinaires, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 118–128, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Ngbolua, S. O. Mihigo, and C. I. Liyongo, “Ethno-botanical survey of plant species used in traditional medicine in Kinshasa city (Democratic Republic of the Congo),” Tropical Plant Research, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 413–427, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Vos, S. S. Lim, and C. Abbafati, “Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,” The Lancet, vol. 396, no. 10258, pp. 1204–1222, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Anjum, F. H. Mohd Aaqib Sheikh, C. Singh Saini, H. K. Sharma, and A. Bhat, “Cyanogenic glycosides,” in Handbook of Plant and Animal Toxins in Food, pp. 191–202, CRC Press, London, UK, 1st edition, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
B. C. Valentin, A. A. Gracia, K. M. Arlette, B. A. Salvius, and O. N. Philippe, “Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions in traditional medicine in Kampemba-Lubumbashi, DR Congo,” World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 16–32, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
B. V Chiribagula, B. S. Amuri, and O. N. Philippe, “Ethnobotanical study of plants used as antimalarial in traditional medicine in Bagira in Eastern RD Congo,” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 01–14, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. F. Y. Stéphane, B. K. J. Jules, G. E.-S. Batiha, I. Ali, and L. N. Bruno, “Extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants and herbs,” in Natural Medicinal Plants, H. El-Shemy, Ed., pp. 147–187, IntechOpen, London, UK, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Bashige Chiribagula Valentin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies