Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Plants Used in Nonconventional Medicine in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Table 2

Antidiabetic recipes in monophytotherapy and other indications.

Plant species	REC	UP	Preparation	ER	Eesp	ICR	ICp	IFR	UVO	UVP	Other indications
Abelmoschus esculentus^X	R1	Lv	Maceration	2	2	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	Constipation
Acalypha paniculata^W	R2	Rb	Decoction	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	Amoeba
Aframomum melegueta^W	R3	Sd	Infusion	7	7	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.04	0.04	Gastroesophageal reflux
Albizia adianthifolia^W	R4	Lv	Maceration	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.06	0.06	Sexual weakness and sores
Alchornea cordifolia^Y	R5	Ro	Decoction	3	3	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.06	0.06	Malaria, stomach aches
Aloe succotrina^V	R6	Lv	Infusion	5	5	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.08	0.08	Acne, malaria, and wounds
Anacardium occidentale^X	R7	Lv	Maceration	3	3	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	Warts
Annona senegalensis^W	R8	Sb	Decoction	8	10	0.02	0.03	0.8	0.10	0.12	Hepatitis, malaria, sexual impotence, and sores
	R9	Ro	Decoction	2		0.01		0.2	0.04		Urogenital infections
Antidesma venosum^Y	R10	Ro	Decoction	5	5	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.08	0.08	Chest pain, pneumonia, and cough
Artemisia afra^X	R11	Lv	Maceration	5	5	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.04	0.04	Malaria
Asparagus racemosus^Y	R12	Wp	Decoction	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	Joint stiffness
Azadirachta indica^V	R13	Lv	Maceration	2	2	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	Diarrhea, malaria, and stomachaches
Baphia capparidifolia^X	R14	Lv	Infusion	18	18	0.06	0.06	1.0	0.04	0.04	Inflammation
Bidens pilosa^Z	R15	Ro	Infusion	14	18	0.04	0.06	0.8	0.04	0.08	Cataract
	R16	Fr	Decoction	2		0.01		0.1	0.04		Glaucoma
	R17	Lv	Maceration	2		0.01		0.1	0.04		Pyomyositis
Boerhavia diffusa^Y	R18	Lv	Maceration	8	8	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.04	0.04	Angina
Brassica juncea^W	R19	Lv	Infusion	12	12	0.04	0.04	1.0	0.04	0.04	Eczema
Bridelia ferruginea^Z	R20	Rb	Decoction	11	11	0.03	0.03	1.0	0.04	0.04	Dislocation
Brillantaisia owariensis^Y	R21	Rb	Decoction	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	Epilepsy
Cajanus cajan^Z	R22	Lv	Maceration	18	18	0.06	0.06	1.0	0.04	0.04	Malaria
Catharanthus roseus^V	R23	Lv	Infusion	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	High blood pressure
Chromolaena corymbosa^X	R24	Lv	Maceration	21	21	0.06	0.06	1.0	0.04	0.04	Tuberculosis
Citrus × aurantium^W	R25	Lv	Infusion	6	6	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.04	0.04	Colic
Costus lucanusianus^Z	R26	Lv	Maceration	11	11	0.03	0.03	1.0	0.04	0.04	Peptic ulcer disease
Costus phyllocephalus^Y	R27	Lv	Decoction	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	Cough
Crinum ornatum^Z	R28	Lv	Maceration	6	6	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.04	0.04	Conjunctivitis
Crossopteryx febrifuga^W	R29	Ro	Decoction	14	16	0.04	0.05	0.9	0.06	0.06	Diarrhea and malaria
	R30	Lv	Decoction	2		0.01		0.1	0.06		Diarrhea and malaria
Crotalaria medicaginea^Z	R31	Wp	Infusion	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	Cough
Cymbopogon citratus^W	R32	Lv	Maceration	15	15	0.05	0.05	1.0	0.04	0.04	Malaria and cough
Dioscorea dumetorum^X	R33	Tb	Decoction	19	19	0.06	0.06	1.0	0.06	0.06	Diarrhea and wound
Diospyros heudelotii^W	R34	Ro	Decoction	12	12	0.04	0.04	1.0	0.04	0.04	Contusion
Dysphania ambrosioides^X	R35	Wp	Decoction	31	31	0.10	0.10	1.0	0.06	0.06	Intestinal bruising and worms
Erythrina abyssinica^W	R36	Rb	Decoction	2	4	0.01	0.01	0.5	0.06	0.12	Sexual weakness and malaria
	R37	Lv	Decoction	2		0.01		0.5	0.08		Cancer, cough, and tuberculosis
Ficus benghalensis^Y	R38	Sb	Decoction	5	5	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.06	0.06	Eczema and vomiting
Ficus exasperata^Y	R39	Lv	Infusion	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.06	0.06	Convulsions and peptic ulcer disease
Garcinia kola^V	R40	Sd	Infusion	60	60	0.18	0.18	1.0	0.04	0.04	Glaucoma
Gladiolus gregarius^W	R41	Bb	Infusion	2	2	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.06	0.06	Angina and amoeba
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum^V	R42	Lv	Decoction	10	10	0.03	0.03	1.0	0.10	0.10	High blood pressure, STI, malaria, and cough
Harungana madagascariensis^Y	R43	Rb	Decoction	8	8	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.06	0.06	Sickle cell disease and malaria
Heinsia crinita^Z	R44	Lv	Decoction	9	9	0.03	0.03	1.0	0.06	0.06	Cough and HIV
Hymenocardia acida^X	R45	Ro	Decoction	14	14	0.04	0.04	1.0	0.04	0.04	Sickle cell disease
Lantana camara^W	R46	Fr	Decoction	12	12	0.04	0.04	1.0	0.06	0.06	Malaria and cough
Lippia multiflora^Y	R47	Lv	Maceration	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.08	0.08	Angina, asthma, and sexual weakness
Marsdenia latifolia^W	R48	Ro	Decoction	3	3	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.08	0.08	Constipation, cough, and intestinal worms
Millettia drastica^W	R49	Ro	Decoction	3	3	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	Sickle cell disease
Mitragyna stipulosa^W	R50	Rb	Decoction	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	Urogenital infections
	R51	Sd	Decoction	5	8	0.02	0.02	0.6	0.04	0.08	High blood pressure
	R52	Lv	Maceration	2		0.01		0.3	0.04		Anthrax
	R53	Fr	Infusion	1		0.00		0.1	0.04		Cancer
Morinda lucida^Y	R54	Lv	Maceration	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0; 04	0.04	Cancer
Musanga cecropioides^W	R55	Lv	Maceration	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.08	0.08	High blood Pressure, cough, and tuberculosis
Nauclea latifolia^Y	R56	Lv	Decoction	3	5	0.01	0.02	0.6	0.08	0.12	Malaria, toothache, and sore
	R57	Ro	Decoction	2		0.01		0.4	0.06		Bronchitis and dysentery
Ocimum gratissimum^Y	R58	Lv	Decoction	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.08	0.08	Diarrhea, wound, and sinusitis
Palisota schweinfurthii^X	R59	Lv	Maceration	27	27	0.08	0.08	1.0	0.06	0.06	Snakebite and rheumatism
Pentaclethra macrophylla^W	R60	Rb	Decoction	6	6	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.04	0.04	Amoeba
Persea americana^X	R61	Lv	Maceration	100	100	0.31	0.31	1.0	0.04	0.04	High blood pressure
Phaseolus vulgaris^W	R62	Sd	Infusion	5	5	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.06	0.06	Wounds and ulcer
Phyllanthus niruri^Y	R63	Sb	Maceration	6	8	0.02	0.02	0.8	0.04	0.08	Wounds
	R64	Ap	Infusion	2		0.01		0.3	0.06		Urogenital infections and ulcers
Piliostigma reticulatum^X	R65	Rb	Decoction	58	58	0.18	0.18	1.0	0.08	0.08	Bronchitis, headaches, and rheumatism
Piliostigma thonningii^Y	R66	Rb	Decoction	5	5	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.08	0.08	Diarrhea, wound, and ulcer
Piper guineense^W	R67	Fr	Infusion	2	2	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.04	0.04	Asthma
Platymitra arborea^Y	R68	Fr	Maceration	8	8	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.02	0.02	NR
Psidium guajava^W	R69	Lv	Maceration	2	2	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.08	0.08	Diarrhea, hepatitis, and malaria
Quassia amara^X	R74	Ro	Decoction	2	2	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.10	0.10	Malaria, sexual weakness, typhoid, and rheumatism
Rauvolfia mannii^X	R70	Lv	Maceration	3	3	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.06	0.06	Jaundice and female infertility
Schwenckia americana^Y	R71	Wp	Decoction	8	8	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.06	0.06	Diarrhea and cholera
Senna alata^X	R72	Lv	Maceration	100	100	0.31	0.31	1.0	0.04	0.04	Constipation
Senna occidentalis^V	R73	Lv	Infusion	7	7	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.06	0.06	Sexual weakness and malaria
Syzygium cordatum^Y	R75	Lv	Maceration	5	5	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.06	0.06	Diarrhea and cough
Tephrosia vogelii^X	R76	Lv	Infusion	26	26	0.08	0.08	1.0	0.02	0.02	NR
Terminalia mollis^Y	R77	Lv	Maceration	8	8	0.02	0.02	1.0	0.08	0.08	Cough ulcers, measles, and gastroduodenal diseases
Vachellia karroo^X	R78	Ro	Decoction	58	58	0.18	0.18	1.0	0.08	0.08	Constipation, diarrhea, and cough
Voacanga africana^W	R79	Lv	Maceration	2	2	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.06	0.06	Sexual weakness and high blood pressure
Ziziphus mucronata^W	R80	Rb	Decoction	4	4	0.01	0.01	1.0	0.06	0.06	Angina and sickle cell disease

ER (number of citations per recipe); Eesp (number of citations per plant); CIR (consensus index of the recipe); CIp (consensus index of the plant); RRI (recipe reliability index); UVo (the usual value of the organ); UVp (the number of uses of the plant out of the number of uses of the set of species); NR (Nothing to report); Nu(number of uses); N (number of people consulted); Nu = 52; N = 326.