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| Reference | Population | Study design | Sample | Therapy | Treatment time | Follow-upafter FMT | Administration route | GI effects of treatment | Neurological effects of treatment |
|
| Kang et al. [21] | Autism Society of Greater Phoenix and the Autism/Asperger’s Research Program at Arizona State University, USA | Open-label clinical trial | ASD group:18 control group: 20 | MTT | 10 weeks | 8 weeks | 12 oral
6 rectal | GSRS: 77% decrease
DSR showed significant decreases in the number of days with abnormal or no stools | CARS: decreased by 22% from the beginning to the end of the treatment and 24% after 8 weeks of no treatment |
| SRS and ABC improvement after FMT |
|
| Kang et al. [22] | Autism Society of Greater Phoenix and the Autism/Asperger’s Research Program at Arizona State University, USA | Open-label clinical trial | ASD group: 18 control group: 20 | MTT | 10 weeks | 2 year | 12 oral
6 rectal | GSRS: 58% reduction
DSR: 26% reduction | CARS: the severity of ASD at the two-yearfollow-up was 47% lower than baseline
SRS: 44% of participants were below the ASD diagnostic cut-off scores
ABC: total scores continued to improve, and were 35% lower relative to baseline |
| Li et al. [23] | Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, China | Open-label clinical trial | ASD group: 40
TD group: 16 | FMT | 4 week | 8 week | 27 oral route
13 colonic | GSRS and DSR decreased after 4 weeks of FMT treatment and last for the next 8 weeks | ABC: significantly alleviated by the treatment, and no obvious reversion was observed during 8 weeks after FMT
CARS: decreased by 10% at the end of the treatment and remained decreased by 6% after 8 weeks
SRS: parents’ anxiety levels decreased decreased and social skill deficits improved at the end of treatment but reversed after 8 weeks without further treatment |
|
| Kong et al. [24] | Community recruited population, USA | Randomisation and blinding clinical trial | Probiotic group: 18
placebo group: 17 | Probiotic and oxytocin combination therapies | 28 weeks | | Oral | GIS showed no significant changes | Trends of improvement in the total ABC score, stereotypic behaviour score, and SRS cognition score were observed in the combination therapy group (probiotic + OXT), although no significant differences were observed in the total scores or subscales of the ABC and SRS |
|
| Luo [25] | Autism Rehabilitation Training Institution, China | Randomisation and blinding clinical trial | 4 ASD | FMT | 1 day | Two months | Gastroscopic, colonoscopy | None | The ABC scores decreased by an average of 25% after FMT |
| Zhao et al. (abstract only) [26] | Hospital recruited population, China | Open-label, randomised waitlist-controlled trial | FMT group: 24
Waitlist group: n = 21 | FMT group received twice FMT; waitlist group received rehabilitation training | Two months | Two months | Colonoscopy, gastroscopy | Notable differences were also shown on GSI scores at F1 time point | CARS score in FMT group decreased 10.8%
Waitlist group decreased 0.8% after the first FMT, and remained reduced after the second FMT |
|
| Grimaldi et al. [27] | Hospital recruited population, USA | A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-designed prebiotic clinical trial | Unrestricted diet group (Prebiotics: 7; placebo: 7)
exclusion diet group (prebiotics: 6; placebo: 6) | Bimuno galactooligosaccharide | 6 weeks | 2 weeks | Oral | A general trend of reduction in GI problems was reported, differences between treatments were not significant | Significant improvement in social behaviour scores |
|
| Santocchi et al. [28] | The Child and Adolescence Mental Health services of Tuscany Region sd, Unit of Child Psychiatry and the Unit of Child Rehabilitation of IRCCS, Pisa, Italy | A randomised, blind, clinical trial | Probiotics: 42 placebo: 43 | Probiotic preparation | 6 months | 0 | Oral | Greater improvements in some GI symptoms, adaptive functioning, and sensory profiles than in the GI group treated with a placebo | Potentially positive effects of probiotics on core autism symptoms in a subset of ASD children |
|
| Linda et al. (abstract only) [29] | ASD subjects | Case series | 9 ASD | FMT | Unclear | Unclear | Capsules, enema | NA | ASD symptoms: unchanged in 21y.o., improved in one of two 8y.o., improved in younger subjects on a more long-lasting basis. Frequent regression, mostly after AB post-FMT, often improved after re-FMT |
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