Screening of Preliminary Phytochemicals, Molecular Identification, and Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of <i>Justicia</i> g<i>endarussa</i>

Ali, Md. Firoz; Mahmud, Shahin; Mohiuddin, Ramisa Binti; Chowdhury, Kamal; Mohiuddin, A. K. M.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6885353

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Abbreviations Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 | Article ID 6885353 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6885353

Screening of Preliminary Phytochemicals, Molecular Identification, and Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Justicia gendarussa

Md. Firoz Ali,¹Shahin Mahmud,¹Ramisa Binti Mohiuddin,²Kamal Chowdhury,³and A. K. M. Mohiuddin¹

Academic Editor: Bashar Saad

Received08 Jan 2023

Revised12 Apr 2023

Accepted24 Apr 2023

Published25 May 2023

Abstract

Justicia gendarussa is a well-known medicinal plant from ancient times that has been using to treat a variety of ailments. The main objectives of the current study were to assess the phytochemicals, molecular identification of the plant, and determination of MIC, as well as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of various types of plant extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic, diethyl-ether, dichloromethane, and ethyl-acetate extracts) of J. gendarussa (leaves) against 11 human pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. In the present study, J. gendarussa was identified as a medicinal plant based on ITS gene amplification by PCR. The screening of the presence of important phytochemicals that carry high significance from a therapeutic standpoint was also carried out. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by following the disc diffusion and broth dilution procedures. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against S. aureus (16 mm), S. flexneri (15 mm), and C. albicans (15 mm) compared with gentamicin (10 μg/disc) and fluconazole (25 μg/disc). Besides this, methanolic extract showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity (76% membrane protection). The MIC values (8–2048 μg/ml) of aqueous extract were observed against both types of bacteria and fungi, with the highest MIC value recorded at (2048 μg/ml) for S. flexneri. This study is the primary investigation in Bangladesh where molecular identification of this medicinal plant was carried out and the anti-inflammatory activity of this plant was evaluated by the HRBC membrane stabilization method. In conclusion, our findings suggest that this plant may be useful in research and development for discovering a broad spectrum of modern herbal medicines.

1. Introduction

The role of medicinal plants in drug manufacturing has been well documented since the beginning of time [1]. Generally, herbal medicines are more affordable with fewer side effects and are suggested to patients of all ages, and it is believed that more than 80% of the population in Asia and Africa still rely on medicinal plants to meet their basic healthcare needs [2–5]. Justicia gendarussa is a medicinal plant of the Acanthaceae family with a height of 1.5 to 2 meters that is widely cultivated in shade and damp places through cutting systems [6, 7]. This plant possesses some significant pharmacological properties, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antiangiogenic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antinociceptive, antiarthritic, antisickling, and antiproliferative activities [8, 9].

As a common practice, phytochemicals derived from J. gendarussa are used as substitute medications to treat a number of ailments, including chronic rheumatism, liver disorders, skin conditions, tumors, inflammations, bronchitis, dyspepsia, fever, eye conditions, vaginal discharges, hypertension, headaches, muscle pain, respiratory issues, peptic issues, etc. [10–15]. Since ancient times, the presence of phytosterol-sitosterol has also played a crucial role in treating inflammatory disorders [16, 17]. Inflammation is an immune reaction of living organisms against burns, trauma, infection, injury, or pathological changes in the body. This physiological defense mechanism aids in the protection of health from harmful stimuli, resulting in the lumping of tissues, pain, and cell embezzlement [18, 19]. The primary objective of this mechanism is to reform and restore the injured tissues to their natural state.

The identification of medicinal plants can be verified using a variety of techniques, including morphologic traits, chemical compositions, anatomical structures, molecular studies, etc. Among these, the molecular method is more reliable and effective compared to other techniques. Therefore, identification of J. gendarussa as a therapeutic potential plant by locating a genome area known as Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) is highly preferred [20, 21].

Nowadays, due to the lack of effective drugs with fewer side effects, the discovery of newer therapeutics is emerging [22]. Since J. gendarussa is well-known as a multidrug resistance modifier in combination therapy, it has been examined for its potential antimicrobial activities [23–25]. Therefore, the current investigation has largely focused on the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and inhibitory activities of J. gendarussa leaves extracts on human pernicious microorganisms.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemicals

The used media or reagents in this study were purchased from different companies in different countries: Mueller−Hinton agar (Himedia, India), Mueller−Hinton broth (Himedia, India), potato dextrose agar (Himedia, India), potato dextrose broth and Sabouraud dextrose broth (Himedia, India), diethyl ether, dichloromethane, and chloroform (FUJIFILM, Japan), methanol, ethyl acetate, and ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), isopropanol (Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., India), master mixture, and nuclease-free water (NFW) (Promega, Madison, USA).

2.2. Sample Collection and Authentication

The fresh plant samples of J. gendarussa (leaves) were collected from the natural habitat of Rokkhitbelta, Tangail district, Bangladesh, and authentication of the plant was performed by Dr. A. K. M. Mohiuddin (B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Botany, PhD. in Plant Biotechnology), Professor, Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, who is also a coauthor of this article.

2.3. Preparation of Plant Extracts

Freshly collected samples were dried after cleaning with fresh water and then ground into a fine powder using a grinder. Besides aqueous extracts, solvent extraction was performed with powdered plant materials and selected solvents such as diethyl ether (FUZIFILM, Japan), dichloromethane (FUZIFILM, Japan), ethyl acetate (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), and ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). These extracts were further used for screening of plant phytochemicals and other experiments [26].

2.3.1. Preparation of Aqueous Extract

Aqueous extract was made by the cold maceration method [26]. About 50 grams (g) of J. gendarussa leaves powder and 100 milliliters (ml) of sterile distilled water (1 : 2) were macerated in a blender for 10 minutes. After being filtered through two layers of muslin fabric, the centrifugation was performed at 8000 rpm (rotation per minute) for 15 min. The supernatant was filtered using 6-millimeter (mm) sterilized Whatman filter paper No. 1 (GE Healthcare UK Limited, United Kingdom), followed by a 30 min heat sterilization process at 120°C. The extract was then stored aseptically at −4°C in a brown bottle until further use.

2.3.2. Preparation of Solvent Extract

The solvent extracts were prepared with 75% solvents by following the method of Fatope et. al. using the Soxhlet extraction technique [26–28]. 100 g of powdered plant material was extracted with 500 ml of various solvents of each (1 : 5) and then filtered by Whatman filter paper. Then, the extracts were stored in a refrigerator (−4°C) until further usage. The filtrates were then concentrated using a rotary evaporator (EYELA N-1110, EYELA, Tokyo, Japan) at a low temperature (40°C) and pressure to make them totally dry [13, 29]. Then, for further experimentation, 100 milligrams (mg) of dried extracts were weighed and diluted in the appropriate 10 ml solvents to make 10 mg/l as the final concentration.

2.4. Screening of Preliminary Phytochemicals

For qualitative screening of phytochemicals in the plant, only methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts were used based on the existing previous study [30]. The presence of specific phytochemicals was detected by various indication methods described by Vijayakumar et al. [20]. The existence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates, and flavonoids was investigated.

2.4.1. Test for Alkaloids

About 1 ml of the extract was mixed with 2 ml of 2N HCL and Mayer’s reagent (K₂[HgI₄] solution). The existence of alkaloids was indicated by the development of slimy white precipitate.

2.4.2. Test for Glycosides

About 1 ml of concentrated H₂SO₄ was mixed with 1 ml of the extract. The formation of a black-red precipitate after mixing with Fehling’s solutions was indicated by the presence of glycosides.

2.4.3. Test for Saponins

About 5 ml of extract was shaken vigorously with 5 ml of deionized water. The existence of saponins was indicated by the development of foam that held out for 15 minutes.

2.4.4. Test for Tannins

About 2 ml of 5% ferric chloride was mixed with 1 ml of the extract. The presence of tannins was indicated by the observation of a blue-black precipitate.

2.4.5. Test for Terpenoids

About 2 ml of extract was mixed with 2 ml of chloroform and evaporated to dryness. Then, this mixture was dissolved in 2 ml of concentrated H₂SO₄ which indicates the existence of terpenoids by forming a reddish-brown layer.

2.4.6. Test for Steroids

About 2 ml of extract was mixed with 2 ml of chloroform and then concentrated H₂SO₄ was carefully included. If the upper layer is exposed as red and H₂SO₄ layer as yellow with green fluorescence, then the existence of steroids was indicated.

2.4.7. Test for Carbohydrates

About 1 ml of extract was mixed with 5 ml of Benedict’s reagent and incubated for 5 minutes. The formation of a bluish-green color indicated the presence of carbohydrates.

2.4.8. Test for Flavonoids

About 1 ml of the extract was mixed with several drops of 1% ammonia. The appearance of an intense yellow color indicated the existence of flavonoids.

2.5. Molecular Identification of J. gendarussa by the ITS Gene

2.5.1. Plant DNA Extraction Procedure

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) extraction from J. gendarussa leaves was performed by a modified CTAB method with the help of a mortar and pestle to grind the plant samples into a polished powder [20, 21]. To create a homogeneous mixture, around 2 ml of the solution was added and further ground. This guaranteed that the reagents and tissue components were in close contact, which will aid in the protein’s rapid denaturation. While being intermittently ground, the mixture was allowed to defrost completely. After that, the grinding was combined by adding nuclease-free water (NFW) (800 μl) (Promega, Madison, USA). The mixture was then transferred to two ml microcentrifuge tubes and incubated at 25°C for 5 min. To each tube, 200 μl of chloroform (FUJIFILM, Japan) was added, vortexed for one minute, and then incubated at 25°C for 10 min. After centrifugation (Hitachi Ltd., Japan) at 13,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C, the upper watery phase was transferred to new tubes. Isopropanol (Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., India) was added in 0.6% of volumes, quickly vortexed, and then incubated for 10 min at room temperature. The supernatant was discarded after another centrifugation for 10 min at 13,000 rpm. The DNA pellet was cleaned with 70% ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), air dried, and then dissolved in 20 to 50 microliters (μl) of DEPC medicated water.

2.5.2. PCR Amplification of ITS2 Gene

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process was performed with a total of 20 μl volumes of mixture by using 10 μl of the master mixture (Promega, Madison, USA), 1 μl of the plant ITS2 forward primer (FP) and reverse primer (RP) (Table 1), 40 ng of template DNA, and NFW to make the final volume. The DNA was initially denatured at 94°C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of PCR. Each PCR cycle consisted of 94°C for 30 seconds of denaturation, primer-specific annealing at 56°C for 30 sec, and extension at 72°C for 45 sec. A final extension was performed at 72°C for 10 min. The amplicons were separated using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Ethidium bromide (10 mg/ml) was used to stain the gels for clear visual observation of amplified DNA bands.

2.6. Tested Microorganisms

A total of 11 pathogens, consisting of three Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus); five Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri, and Proteus Spp.), and three fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus nigar, and Aspergillus fumigatus) were used to assess the antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts.

2.7. Antibacterial Activity Assay

The sensibility of diverse bacterial classes was assessed by following the disc diffusion method [31–33]. 200 μl of overnight-grown culture was placed on Mueller−Hinton Agar (MHA) (Himedia, India) plates. 10 μl of each plant extract was dropped onto Whatman filter paper and dried to remove the solvents before being put in plates. All were conducted aseptically. The inhibitory zone was assessed after overnight incubation at 35°C. If the inhibitory zone was greater than 12 mm, then the bacteria were identified as sensitive. The antibacterial potency of different extracts was evaluated by comparing them with the antimicrobial agents gentamycin (10 μg disc⁻¹) (Oxoid, UK) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

2.8. Antifungal Activity Assay

Using the disc diffusion method, the antifungal activity of J. gendarussa leaves extracts was investigated. The Aspergillus nigar and Aspergillus fumigatus inoculum was prepared by using potato dextrose agar (PDA) (Himedia, India), while the Candida albicans inoculums were prepared by using potato dextrose broth (PDB) (Himedia, India). By using sterile cotton swabs, the fungi were inoculated into the PDA plates. 10 μl of each extract was soaked in Whatman filter paper before being placed on the plates. The inhibitory zone was measured after 48 hours of room-temperature incubation. The antifungal activity of the various extracts was determined by comparing them with the antifungal agents fluconazole (25 μg disc⁻¹) (Oxoid, UK) and DMSO. The results of antimicrobial activity were evaluated using a Himedia zone reader [34–36].

2.9. Anti-Inflammatory (Membrane Stability) Activity Assay-HRBC Membrane Stabilization Method

Using the Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method, different extracts of J. gendarussa leaves were used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory properties. A healthy volunteer’s blood was drawn, combined in equal parts with Alsever’s solution (C₆H₁₂O₆ 2%, Na₃C₆H₅O₇ 0.8%, C₆H₈O₇ 0.05%, and NaCl 0.42% in autoclaved H₂O) and then centrifuged with iso-saline at 3,000 rpm for 15 min. Equal volumes of the test substance in three distinct concentrations—1000, 500, and 250 mg/ml—were added to 1 ml of HRBC solution [37]. After 30 min of incubation at 37°C, all the mixtures were centrifuged again. By using spectrophotometry (U-2910 UV/VIS Spectrophotometer, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), the supernatant solution’s hemoglobin content was measured at 560 nanometers (nm) [30]. Then, the percentage of hemolysis was determined by using the following equation:

The percentage of membrane protection can also be determined by following the same equation.

Here, “OD of the test substances” refers to the optical density of the test samples, and “OD of the control” refers to the optical density of the negative control. Alsever’s solution with blood omitted from the plant extract was utilized as the negative control.

2.10. Determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)-Broth Dilution Method

On the basis of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS), the MIC of the extracts was determined by using the tube dilution method in MHB and Sabouraud Dextrose broth (SDB) (Himedia, India) [38]. Each broth was divided into a total of 10 ml of volume, autoclaved for 15 min at 121°C, and then allowed to cool down. From the stock concentration, the extracts were serially diluted twice in broth to produce 8–2048 μg/ml for aqueous extracts [26]. The extracts having various concentrations were inoculated with 100 μl of the standard inoculum of microorganisms in the broth. The test tubes with broth were incubated for bacteria and fungi at 35°C overnight and 30°C for 1 to 7 days, respectively, while being checked routinely for turbidity. The MIC was determined in terms of the lowest concentration at which the test tube exhibited no turbidity.

3. Results and Discussion

The preliminary phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates, and flavonoids, were analyzed qualitatively by using methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts of leaves of J. gendarussa. The results are shown in Table 2.

The current finding can be useful for identifying the sources of pharmacologically active chemical compounds as well as for evaluating chemical elements in plant material that could lead to their qualitative measurement. Among the abovementioned phytochemicals, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins are significant from a therapeutic standpoint, and these are helpful to identify the source of chemical compounds that are pharmacologically active [39]. This finding confirmed the existence of phytochemicals in the plant extracts that have high potentiality to treat a variety of ailments, including hemiplegia, rheumatism, arthritis, headaches, earaches, muscle discomfort, respiratory issues, and digestive issues [8]. A considerable anti-inflammatory and analgesic impact of alkaloids, steroids, and saponins was validated by a prior investigation [3].

The ITS gene is an important gene for research on plant systematics and expression [40, 41]. In the current investigation, the ITS gene was used to perform molecular characterization of the plant J. gendarussa. The ITS region was frequently utilized as a phylogenetic marker. Utilizing ITS2 FP and ITS2 RP, the plant’s ITS region was amplified. After PCR amplification, the findings of the nuclear ITS2 gene in the plant J. gendarussa are displayed in gel electrophoresis (Figure 1).

The antimicrobial activity of all extracts of J. gendarussa leaves was tested against all the mentioned microorganisms. The formation of zones of inhibition (Tables 3 and 4) made it clear that most extracts were effective against both bacteria and fungi.

The zones of inhibition of the plant extracts against bacteria ranged from 6 mm to 16 mm, while the range of the inhibition zones of gentamycin was 15 mm to 18 mm. (Table 3). For fungi, the highest and lowest zones of inhibition were found to be 15 and 9 mm for plant extracts, while they were 18 and 16 mm for the common antifungal agent fluconazole, respectively (Table 4). Similar findings were also reported in another study in Bangladesh [7]. Some other studies in many countries also found significant antimicrobial activity in several J. gendarussa leaves extracts [26, 37, 42].

Lysosomal enzymes are responsible for causing many diseases by stimulating extracellular activity during inflammation. The nonsteroidal medications work by keeping the lysosomal membrane stable. As the membrane of HRBCs is comparable to that of lysosomes, another study was also conducted to evaluate the existence of HRBC membrane using extracts to forecast the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro [37]. This study revealed HRBC membrane stability through the anti-inflammatory activities of diverse plant extracts (Table 5).

Significant anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated by J. gendarussa in a concentration-dependent way. The concentrations of plant extract of J. gendarussa were prepared as 1000, 500, and 250 mg/ml. The methanolic extracts (1000 mg/ml) have shown the highest activity to preserve HRBC in hypotonic solution at 76%, 73.7%, and 74%, respectively. When all the findings were compared to the normal dosage of 50 mg/ml diclofenac, it was discovered that HRBC was protected by 74.6% in a hypotonic solution. Another investigation also found that the methanolic extract of J. gendarussa (1000 mg/ml) protected HRBC at the highest concentrations by 76.20, 72.46, and 73.62%, respectively [37].

In the disc-diffusion method, the extracts that showed around a 14 mm inhibitory zone of inhibition against microorganisms were further examined for MIC. So only an aqueous extract of the plant was selected for the determination of the MIC. Aqueous extract of J. gendarussa leaves showed considerable inhibitory activity at different concentrations against S. aureus (256 μg/ml), B. subtilis (512 μg/ml), E. coli (512 μg/ml), S. flexneri (1024 μg/ml), and C. albicans (256 μg/ml) (Table 6). Another previous study in India reported that the leaves and stem aqueous extracts of J. gendarussa revealed great inhibitory activity against pathogenic microbes [26]. A significant inhibitory activity of these medicinal plant leaves against several human diseases was also presented by another study in Bangladesh [43].

4. Conclusion

In the current study, the overall evaluation leads to the conclusion that J. gendarussa possesses many significant phytochemicals that have high significance in treating various ailments. The leaves extract of this plant displayed potential antimicrobial activity by creating a zone of inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity by protecting HRBCs. However, the present findings encourage further investigation of this plant for its potential applications in therapeutics.

Abbreviations

ITS:	Internal transcribed spacers
MIC:	Minimum inhibitory concentration
CTAB:	Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
PCR:	Polymerase chain reaction
NFW:	Nuclease-free water
DNA:	Deoxyribonucleic acid
FP:	Forward primer
RP:	Reverse primer
MHA:	Mueller−Hinton agar
MHB:	Mueller−Hinton broth
SDB:	Sabouraud dextrose broth
DMSO:	Dimethyl sulfoxide
PDA:	Potato dextrose agar
PDB:	Potato dextrose broth
HRBC:	Human red blood cell
RPM:	Rotation per minute
g:	Gram
μl:	Microliter
μg:	Microgram
mg:	Milligram
ml:	Milliliter
l:	Liter
mm:	Millimeter
USA:	United State of America
UK:	United Kingdom.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of the study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Author MFA and author SM has the equal contribution.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, for providing all the resources to conduct the current experiment.

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Copyright © 2023 Md. Firoz Ali et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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