Efficiency of Biobran/MGN-3, an Arabinoxylan Rice Bran, in Attenuating Diabetes-Induced Cognitive Impairment of the Hippocampus via Oxidative Stress and IR/Akt/NF-κB in Rats

Table 4

Brain levels of insulin receptor (IR), Akt, inflammatory cytokines, and amyloid β_1-42.

Parameters	Experimental groups
	Control group	Biobran group	Diabetic group	Diabetic + Biobran group
IR (ng/g tissue)	13.10 ± 0.24	12.63 ± 0.55^b	4.90 ± 0.41^a	8.30 ± 0.45^ab
Akt (μg/g tissue)	3.87 ± 0.02	4.08 ± 0.04^ab	0.58 ± 0.01^a	2.68 ± 0.02^ab
TNF-α (pg/g tissue)	17.02 ± 0.74	16.93 ± 0.80^b	58.82 ± 2.52^a	23.65 ± 1.13^ab
NF-κB (ng/g tissue)	4.35 ± 0.36	4.37 ± 0.54^b	14.50 ± 1.09^a	8.73 ± 0.92^ab
IL-1β (pg/g.tissue)	23.28 ± 0.97	19.15 ± 0.69^ab	37.85 ± 1.71^a	26.68 ± 1.01^b
Amyloid β1-42 (pg/g tissue)	58.08 ± 2.20	54.60 ± 2.00^b	83.75 ± 1.74^a	66.18 ± 2.17^ab

Values are mean ± S.E.; each group has n = 6. ^aSignificantly different relative to the control group, . ^bSignificantly different relative to the diabetic group, .