Review Article

An Updated Comprehensive Review of Plants and Herbal Compounds with Antiasthmatic Effect

Table 2

Plants or herbal compounds with verified preclinical (animal/organ/tissue) antiasthmatic effects and related mechanisms.

Plant or compoundAnti-inflammatoryAntioxidative and antihistaminergicReferences

No.3.1.1 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (fern)H1 receptor antagonist[51]

No.3.1.2 Allium cepa (onion)↓ BALF IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
↑ BALF IFN-γ & IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio
↓BALF NO2, NO3, MDA
↑BALF SOD, CAT, thiol
[52, 53]

No.3.1.6 Argemone mexicana↓ Eosinophil count[27]

No.3.1.7 Artemisia pallens↓ Serum IgE and lung TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-1β, TGF-β expression
↑ Lung Nrf2 expression
↓ BALF MDA, MPO, NO
↑ BALF SOD, GSH
[54]

No.3.3.1 Baicalin↓ Serum and BALF IgE and BALF IL-17A and IL-6 and lung STAT3 expression
↑ BALF IL-10 and lung FOXP3 expression
↓ Eosinophil count NF-κB and TLR4 pathways inhibition CCR7/CCL19/CCL21 suppression
↑ miR-103 upregulation
[28, 29, 5557]

No.3.3.2 BerberineInhibition of COX pathways mast cell-mediated allergic responses suppression FcɛRI-mediated and MAPK signaling regulation
↓ IL-4, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17, IL-1β
↓ IgE NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition
↓ CCL11 production STAT6 pathway modulation
↓ NO formation
H1 receptors blockade
[5861]

No.3.1.8 Biophytum sensitivum (L.)↓ Histamine release[30]

No.3.1.9 Boswellia serrata (Frankincense)↓ Plasma level of LTC4
↓ Eosinophil count
↓ ESR
↓ Serum IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13
↓ OVA-specific IgE
↓ Lung pSTAT6 and GATA3 expression
↓ Plasma level of MDA and NO[31, 32, 62]

No.3.1.10 Brassica napus (rapeseed)↓ Lung eosinophil count[63]

No.3.1.11 Camellia japonicaGATA3 and IL-4 pathways suppression
↓ BALF IgE, eosinophil number, and WBC
↓ Lung IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and TNF-α
[64]

No.3.1.12 Camellia sinensis (tea)↑ Lung TNF-β, IFN-γ, and IL-10 expression
↓ Lung IL-4 and IL-13 expression
↓ Lung IgE
[65]

No.3.3.3 Carvacrol↓ Lung TNF-α
↓ Total and differential WBC in the blood and hs-CRP
↓ Serum levels of TP and PLA2
↓ Serum IL-4
↑ Serum IFN-γ
↓ Serum endothelin
↑ Lung FOXP3 expression
↓ Lung IL-4, IL-17, and TGF-β expression
↓ Lung MDA, iNOS
↑ Lung SOD, GSH
↓ Serum level of NO and nitrite
↓ Serum histamine
[36, 6669]

No.3.1.15 Crataegus pinnatifida↓ Eosinophil number in BALF and lung
↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, eotaxin
↓ Serum total IgE, OVA-specific IgE, OVA-specific IgG downregulation of MMP-9
↓ ICAM-1, VCAM-1
[37]

No.3.1.16 Crocus sativus↓ BALF eosinophil number
↓ Lung IL-5, IL-13, IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1β
↓ BALF IL-13, IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1β
↓ Serum IL-4
↑ Serum IFN-γ
↓ Serum and BALF total WBC
↓ Serum ET-1 and TP
↓ Lung TP
↓ iNOS level
↓ NO production & nitrite
↓ Peroxynitrite ion formation
↓ Cytochrome C release H1 receptor inhibition
[38, 7072]

No.3.1.17 Curcuma longa rhizome (Curcumin)↓ Lung inflammatory cells infiltration
↓ Lung and BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-17A
↓ Serum and spleen IL-4, IL-13 ↑ BALF IL-10, IFN-γ
↓ Serum and BALF IgE regulation of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs)/Th17 balance
↓ Serum LTC4
↓ Spleen IL-6, IL-1β modulating NF-ĸB activation and MAPK signaling
↓ COX-2
↓ P38, JNK, and ERK phosphorylation modulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling
↓ BALF total WBC, PLA2, TP, IgE, IL-4 modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway
↓ Lung iNOS expression
↓ NO expression
↓ Serum and BALF MDA, NO, NO2, NO3
↓ Spleen iNOS
↓ ROS
↑ Serum and BALF SOD, CAT, thiol
[7377]

No.3.1.21 Echinodorus scaber Rataj↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE[78]

No.3.3.4 Ellagic acid↓ BALF inflammatory cells
↓ BALF and lung IL-5, IL-4, IL-13, IL-33
↓ Lung IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2
↑ Lung IL-10
↓ Lung TLR4, MyD88, P65, NF-κB and STAT3 expression
[7981]

N0.3.3.8 Fisetin↓ Total inflammatory cells count in BALF, blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus
↓ BALF, lung, and serum IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE, TGF-β, IL-17, IL-33, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-18 inhibition of NF-κB activity modulation of MAPK, PI3K, Wnt/catenin, and ERK 1/2 pathways
↓ VCAM-1 inhibition of MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway
↓ Eotaxin
↓ BALF EPO activity
↓ BALF, lung, and Serum iNOS
↓ NO
↓ BALF histamine content
[8285]

No.3.3.9 Gallic acid↓ Eosinophil cell infiltration in the nasal mucosa
↓ NALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, ROR-γt
↓ Serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG
↑ NALF IFN-γ, IL-12
↓ BALF IL-6, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-13 inhibition of IL-33/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway
↓ Histamine release[41]

No.3.3.10 GenisteinModulation of T-bet, GATA3, and STAT6
↓ Serum eosinophils and LTC4
↓ 5-LO activity inhibition of p38 and MAPKAP-2 pathways
[86, 87]

No.3.1.25 Ginkgo biloba↓ IgE and IL-4
↓ BALF leukocytes and eosinophils, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, eotaxin inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway
↓ Serum PAF
[8891]

No.3.1.26 Glycirizine glabra↓ Eosinophils
↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5
↑ BALF IFN-γ
↓ Serum and BALF IL-5, IL-13, IgE modulation of NF-κB, STAT6, and HDAC2
↓ Serum and BALF MDA, NO
↑ Serum and BALF SOD, CAT
[44, 92, 93]

No.3.3.11 HesperetinInhibit PDE4 and PDE3/4 ↓Serum and BALF IL-5, IL-4, IgE
↓ GATA3 and NF-κB activity
↑ BALF IFN-γ
[45, 9496]

No.3.1.28 Hyssopus officinalis L. (Zufa)Regulation of MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio
↓Lung IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17 expression
↓ BALF eosinophil number and IgE
↑ BALF IgG ↓ BALF eotaxin-2, eotaxin-3, and P-selectin
↓ IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β
↓ Serum and BALF IL-17, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α
↑ Serum IFN-γ regulation the expression of T-bet, GATA3, and STAT3 mRNA in lung tissue inhibiting of MAPK/NF-κB pathway
[9799]

No.3.3.13 Jiawei shengjiang↓ IL-6, TNFα[100]

No.3.3.14 kaempferol↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, GM-CSF, TNF-α, TGF-β, eosinophil’s count disturbing NF-κB signaling
↓ Eotaxin1
↓ ICAM-1 modulation of JAK2 signaling pathway disturbing Tyk-STAT and ERK signaling pathways
↓ COX-2, PGD 2, PGF2α, PLA2
↓ ROS production[101, 102]

No.3.3.16 Kanakasava↓ Inflammatory cells in blood and BALF
↓ Serum and BALF IL-4, IL-5, TNF-α, IL-1β, LTD-4, IgE
↓ Serum and BALF NO, nitrite[103]

No.3.1.30 Lavandula stoechas L.↓ Serum IgE and IgG
↓ BALF eosinophil count, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33
↓ Serum MDA
↑ Serum SOD
[104]

No.3.1.32 Mandevilla longiflora↓ BALF inflammatory cells, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE, LT-B4[105, 106]

No.3.1.33 Mangifera indica L.↓ Serum and BALF OVA-specific IgE, IL-4, and IL-5[106]

No.3.3.19 Morin↓ Inflammatory cells
↓ MMP-9 expression
↓ BALF total IgE, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
↓ Lung eotaxin1, MCP-1, IL-8, and ICAM-1 expression regulation of MAPK signaling pathway
↓Lung IgE, COX-2, IL-4, IL-6, and LTB-4 expression modulation of SUMF2/IL-13 and BLT2/NF-κB signaling pathways
↓ Lung MDA
↓ Lung ROS
↓ NO
↓ Histamine release
[107109]

No.3.1.36 Moringa oleifera Lam↓ Serum histamine concentration[110]

No.3.3.20 Myrtenol↓ BALF, lung, and serum TNF-α, IL-1β
↑ BALF, lung, and serum IL-10, IFN-γ
↓ BALF, lung, and serum MDA
↑ BALF, lung, and serum SOD, GPX
[111, 112]

No.3.3.22 Naringenine↓ Serum IgE
↓ BALF CCL11, CCL5, IL-4, IL-13 inhibition NF-κB activity
[47, 113, 114]

No.3.1.37 Nigella sativa↓ BALF IL-2, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
↑ BALF IFN-γ
↓ Serum IgE, OVA-specific IgE, IgG
↓ BALF eosinophils
↓ PGE2
↓ Histamine release[115117]

No.3.1.39 Ocimum basilicum↓ BALF IL-4, IgE, TP, PLA2
↑ BALF IFN-γ
↓ Serum WBC
↓ Serum NO2, NO3, MDA
↑ Serum SOD, CAT, thiol
[118, 119]

No.3.1.41 Phyllanthus amarus↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TGF-β, IgE, Nrf2↓ iNOS[120, 121]

No.3.1.43 Pimpinella anisum L.↓ IL-1β, IL-8↓ NO-cGMP pathway[50, 122]

No.3.1.44 Pistacia alantica↓ IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17
↑ IFN-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β
[123]

No.3.1.45 Portulaca oleracea↓ BALF IgE, PLA2, TP[124]

No.3.3.25 Quercetin↓ BALF eosinophil count, IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin
↑ BALF IFN-γ
↓ Lung and BALF IL-25, IL-33
↓ Lung P-selectin, GATA3, MMP-9 expression
↓ NF-κB activation
↑ Lung T-bet expression
↓ BALF EPO activity[125128]

No.3.3.24 Qingfei Yihuo Wan↓ Serum IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-1β
↓ Lung NF-κB and PKC expression modulation of mTOR signaling pathway
[129, 130]

No.3.3.26 Resveratrol↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, TGF-β
↓ Inflammatory cells
↓ Serum IgE, IgG modulation of INPP4A inhibition of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
↓ Lung TGF-β expression
↑ Lung FOXP3
↑ Lung PTEN, SIRT1 expression inhibition of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway
↑ Keap 1/Nrf2 antioxidant defense system[131134]

No.3.3.27 Rosmarinus officinalis↓ BALF IL-4, PLA2, TP, IgE
↑ BALF IFN-γ
[135]

No.3.1.47 Sambucus nigra↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE↓ Lung MDA
↑ Lung SOD, CAT
[136]

No.3.1.48 Sesame↓ Lung IL-6, IL-1β
↓ Serum IgE
↓ Lung NO2[137]

No3.1.49 Sophora flavescens↓ inflammatory cells
↓ IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-α, eotaxin
[138]

No.3.1.51 Thyme↓ IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, OVA-specific IgE, NF-κB activation↓ NO, hydrogen peroxide, MDA, isoprostane, and carbonyl group
↑ SOD, Gpx
[139, 140]

No.3.1.53 Urtica dioica↓ BALF inflammatory cells, IL-4↓ BALF MDA
↑ Serum and BALF SOD, GPX, GSH
[141]

No.3.3.31. Vanillic acid↓ IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α↓ MDA, ROS
↑ SOD, GPX, GSH
[142]

No.3.3.32. Vitexin↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
↓ Serum IgE
[143]

No.3.1.57 Vitis vinifera L↓ BALF and serum inflammatory cells, IL-4, IL-5, IL-1β, TNF-α, LTD-4, IgE↓ BALF and serum NO, NO2, histamine[144]

No.3.1.58 Zingiber officinale↓ NF-κB signaling, IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α
↑ PDE inhibition
↓ Lung IL-4, IL-5 expression
↓Serum IgE
[145, 146]

The number in the first column refers to the paragraph in the text describing the plant/compound characteristics.