| | Plant or compound | Anti-inflammatory | Antioxidative and antihistaminergic | References |
| | No.3.1.1 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (fern) | | H1 receptor antagonist | [51] |
| | No.3.1.2 Allium cepa (onion) | ↓ BALF IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
↑ BALF IFN-γ & IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio | ↓BALF NO2, NO3, MDA
↑BALF SOD, CAT, thiol | [52, 53] |
| | No.3.1.6 Argemone mexicana | ↓ Eosinophil count | | [27] |
| | No.3.1.7 Artemisia pallens | ↓ Serum IgE and lung TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-1β, TGF-β expression
↑ Lung Nrf2 expression | ↓ BALF MDA, MPO, NO
↑ BALF SOD, GSH | [54] |
| | No.3.3.1 Baicalin | ↓ Serum and BALF IgE and BALF IL-17A and IL-6 and lung STAT3 expression
↑ BALF IL-10 and lung FOXP3 expression
↓ Eosinophil count NF-κB and TLR4 pathways inhibition CCR7/CCL19/CCL21 suppression
↑ miR-103 upregulation | | [28, 29, 55–57] |
| | No.3.3.2 Berberine | Inhibition of COX pathways mast cell-mediated allergic responses suppression FcɛRI-mediated and MAPK signaling regulation
↓ IL-4, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17, IL-1β
↓ IgE NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition
↓ CCL11 production STAT6 pathway modulation | ↓ NO formation
H1 receptors blockade | [58–61] |
| | No.3.1.8 Biophytum sensitivum (L.) | | ↓ Histamine release | [30] |
| | No.3.1.9 Boswellia serrata (Frankincense) | ↓ Plasma level of LTC4
↓ Eosinophil count
↓ ESR
↓ Serum IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13
↓ OVA-specific IgE
↓ Lung pSTAT6 and GATA3 expression | ↓ Plasma level of MDA and NO | [31, 32, 62] |
| | No.3.1.10 Brassica napus (rapeseed) | ↓ Lung eosinophil count | | [63] |
| | No.3.1.11 Camellia japonica | GATA3 and IL-4 pathways suppression
↓ BALF IgE, eosinophil number, and WBC
↓ Lung IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and TNF-α | | [64] |
| | No.3.1.12 Camellia sinensis (tea) | ↑ Lung TNF-β, IFN-γ, and IL-10 expression
↓ Lung IL-4 and IL-13 expression
↓ Lung IgE | | [65] |
| | No.3.3.3 Carvacrol | ↓ Lung TNF-α
↓ Total and differential WBC in the blood and hs-CRP
↓ Serum levels of TP and PLA2
↓ Serum IL-4
↑ Serum IFN-γ
↓ Serum endothelin
↑ Lung FOXP3 expression
↓ Lung IL-4, IL-17, and TGF-β expression | ↓ Lung MDA, iNOS
↑ Lung SOD, GSH
↓ Serum level of NO and nitrite
↓ Serum histamine | [36, 66–69] |
| | No.3.1.15 Crataegus pinnatifida | ↓ Eosinophil number in BALF and lung
↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, eotaxin
↓ Serum total IgE, OVA-specific IgE, OVA-specific IgG downregulation of MMP-9
↓ ICAM-1, VCAM-1 | | [37] |
| | No.3.1.16 Crocus sativus | ↓ BALF eosinophil number
↓ Lung IL-5, IL-13, IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1β
↓ BALF IL-13, IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1β
↓ Serum IL-4
↑ Serum IFN-γ
↓ Serum and BALF total WBC
↓ Serum ET-1 and TP
↓ Lung TP | ↓ iNOS level
↓ NO production & nitrite
↓ Peroxynitrite ion formation
↓ Cytochrome C release H1 receptor inhibition | [38, 70–72] |
| | No.3.1.17 Curcuma longa rhizome (Curcumin) | ↓ Lung inflammatory cells infiltration
↓ Lung and BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-17A
↓ Serum and spleen IL-4, IL-13 ↑ BALF IL-10, IFN-γ
↓ Serum and BALF IgE regulation of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs)/Th17 balance
↓ Serum LTC4
↓ Spleen IL-6, IL-1β modulating NF-ĸB activation and MAPK signaling
↓ COX-2
↓ P38, JNK, and ERK phosphorylation modulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling
↓ BALF total WBC, PLA2, TP, IgE, IL-4 modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway | ↓ Lung iNOS expression
↓ NO expression
↓ Serum and BALF MDA, NO, NO2, NO3
↓ Spleen iNOS
↓ ROS
↑ Serum and BALF SOD, CAT, thiol | [73–77] |
| | No.3.1.21 Echinodorus scaber Rataj | ↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE | | [78] |
| | No.3.3.4 Ellagic acid | ↓ BALF inflammatory cells
↓ BALF and lung IL-5, IL-4, IL-13, IL-33
↓ Lung IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2
↑ Lung IL-10
↓ Lung TLR4, MyD88, P65, NF-κB and STAT3 expression | | [79–81] |
| | N0.3.3.8 Fisetin | ↓ Total inflammatory cells count in BALF, blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus
↓ BALF, lung, and serum IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE, TGF-β, IL-17, IL-33, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-18 inhibition of NF-κB activity modulation of MAPK, PI3K, Wnt/catenin, and ERK 1/2 pathways
↓ VCAM-1 inhibition of MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway
↓ Eotaxin
↓ BALF EPO activity | ↓ BALF, lung, and Serum iNOS
↓ NO
↓ BALF histamine content | [82–85] |
| | No.3.3.9 Gallic acid | ↓ Eosinophil cell infiltration in the nasal mucosa
↓ NALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, ROR-γt
↓ Serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG
↑ NALF IFN-γ, IL-12
↓ BALF IL-6, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-13 inhibition of IL-33/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway | ↓ Histamine release | [41] |
| | No.3.3.10 Genistein | Modulation of T-bet, GATA3, and STAT6
↓ Serum eosinophils and LTC4
↓ 5-LO activity inhibition of p38 and MAPKAP-2 pathways | | [86, 87] |
| | No.3.1.25 Ginkgo biloba | ↓ IgE and IL-4
↓ BALF leukocytes and eosinophils, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, eotaxin inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway
↓ Serum PAF | | [88–91] |
| | No.3.1.26 Glycirizine glabra | ↓ Eosinophils
↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5
↑ BALF IFN-γ
↓ Serum and BALF IL-5, IL-13, IgE modulation of NF-κB, STAT6, and HDAC2 | ↓ Serum and BALF MDA, NO
↑ Serum and BALF SOD, CAT | [44, 92, 93] |
| | No.3.3.11 Hesperetin | Inhibit PDE4 and PDE3/4 ↓Serum and BALF IL-5, IL-4, IgE
↓ GATA3 and NF-κB activity
↑ BALF IFN-γ | | [45, 94–96] |
| | No.3.1.28 Hyssopus officinalis L. (Zufa) | Regulation of MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio
↓Lung IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17 expression
↓ BALF eosinophil number and IgE
↑ BALF IgG ↓ BALF eotaxin-2, eotaxin-3, and P-selectin
↓ IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β
↓ Serum and BALF IL-17, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α
↑ Serum IFN-γ regulation the expression of T-bet, GATA3, and STAT3 mRNA in lung tissue inhibiting of MAPK/NF-κB pathway | | [97–99] |
| | No.3.3.13 Jiawei shengjiang | ↓ IL-6, TNFα | | [100] |
| | No.3.3.14 kaempferol | ↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, GM-CSF, TNF-α, TGF-β, eosinophil’s count disturbing NF-κB signaling
↓ Eotaxin1
↓ ICAM-1 modulation of JAK2 signaling pathway disturbing Tyk-STAT and ERK signaling pathways
↓ COX-2, PGD 2, PGF2α, PLA2 | ↓ ROS production | [101, 102] |
| | No.3.3.16 Kanakasava | ↓ Inflammatory cells in blood and BALF
↓ Serum and BALF IL-4, IL-5, TNF-α, IL-1β, LTD-4, IgE | ↓ Serum and BALF NO, nitrite | [103] |
| | No.3.1.30 Lavandula stoechas L. | ↓ Serum IgE and IgG
↓ BALF eosinophil count, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33 | ↓ Serum MDA
↑ Serum SOD | [104] |
| | No.3.1.32 Mandevilla longiflora | ↓ BALF inflammatory cells, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE, LT-B4 | | [105, 106] |
| | No.3.1.33 Mangifera indica L. | ↓ Serum and BALF OVA-specific IgE, IL-4, and IL-5 | | [106] |
| | No.3.3.19 Morin | ↓ Inflammatory cells
↓ MMP-9 expression
↓ BALF total IgE, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
↓ Lung eotaxin1, MCP-1, IL-8, and ICAM-1 expression regulation of MAPK signaling pathway
↓Lung IgE, COX-2, IL-4, IL-6, and LTB-4 expression modulation of SUMF2/IL-13 and BLT2/NF-κB signaling pathways | ↓ Lung MDA
↓ Lung ROS
↓ NO
↓ Histamine release | [107–109] |
| | No.3.1.36 Moringa oleifera Lam | | ↓ Serum histamine concentration | [110] |
| | No.3.3.20 Myrtenol | ↓ BALF, lung, and serum TNF-α, IL-1β
↑ BALF, lung, and serum IL-10, IFN-γ | ↓ BALF, lung, and serum MDA
↑ BALF, lung, and serum SOD, GPX | [111, 112] |
| | No.3.3.22 Naringenine | ↓ Serum IgE
↓ BALF CCL11, CCL5, IL-4, IL-13 inhibition NF-κB activity | | [47, 113, 114] |
| | No.3.1.37 Nigella sativa | ↓ BALF IL-2, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
↑ BALF IFN-γ
↓ Serum IgE, OVA-specific IgE, IgG
↓ BALF eosinophils
↓ PGE2 | ↓ Histamine release | [115–117] |
| | No.3.1.39 Ocimum basilicum | ↓ BALF IL-4, IgE, TP, PLA2
↑ BALF IFN-γ
↓ Serum WBC | ↓ Serum NO2, NO3, MDA
↑ Serum SOD, CAT, thiol | [118, 119] |
| | No.3.1.41 Phyllanthus amarus | ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TGF-β, IgE, Nrf2 | ↓ iNOS | [120, 121] |
| | No.3.1.43 Pimpinella anisum L. | ↓ IL-1β, IL-8 | ↓ NO-cGMP pathway | [50, 122] |
| | No.3.1.44 Pistacia alantica | ↓ IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17
↑ IFN-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β | | [123] |
| | No.3.1.45 Portulaca oleracea | ↓ BALF IgE, PLA2, TP | | [124] |
| | No.3.3.25 Quercetin | ↓ BALF eosinophil count, IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin
↑ BALF IFN-γ
↓ Lung and BALF IL-25, IL-33
↓ Lung P-selectin, GATA3, MMP-9 expression
↓ NF-κB activation
↑ Lung T-bet expression | ↓ BALF EPO activity | [125–128] |
| | No.3.3.24 Qingfei Yihuo Wan | ↓ Serum IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-1β
↓ Lung NF-κB and PKC expression modulation of mTOR signaling pathway | | [129, 130] |
| | No.3.3.26 Resveratrol | ↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, TGF-β
↓ Inflammatory cells
↓ Serum IgE, IgG modulation of INPP4A inhibition of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
↓ Lung TGF-β expression
↑ Lung FOXP3
↑ Lung PTEN, SIRT1 expression inhibition of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway | ↑ Keap 1/Nrf2 antioxidant defense system | [131–134] |
| | No.3.3.27 Rosmarinus officinalis | ↓ BALF IL-4, PLA2, TP, IgE
↑ BALF IFN-γ | | [135] |
| | No.3.1.47 Sambucus nigra | ↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE | ↓ Lung MDA
↑ Lung SOD, CAT | [136] |
| | No.3.1.48 Sesame | ↓ Lung IL-6, IL-1β
↓ Serum IgE | ↓ Lung NO2 | [137] |
| | No3.1.49 Sophora flavescens | ↓ inflammatory cells
↓ IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-α, eotaxin | | [138] |
| | No.3.1.51 Thyme | ↓ IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, OVA-specific IgE, NF-κB activation | ↓ NO, hydrogen peroxide, MDA, isoprostane, and carbonyl group
↑ SOD, Gpx | [139, 140] |
| | No.3.1.53 Urtica dioica | ↓ BALF inflammatory cells, IL-4 | ↓ BALF MDA
↑ Serum and BALF SOD, GPX, GSH | [141] |
| | No.3.3.31. Vanillic acid | ↓ IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α | ↓ MDA, ROS
↑ SOD, GPX, GSH | [142] |
| | No.3.3.32. Vitexin | ↓ BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
↓ Serum IgE | | [143] |
| | No.3.1.57 Vitis vinifera L | ↓ BALF and serum inflammatory cells, IL-4, IL-5, IL-1β, TNF-α, LTD-4, IgE | ↓ BALF and serum NO, NO2, histamine | [144] |
| | No.3.1.58 Zingiber officinale | ↓ NF-κB signaling, IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α
↑ PDE inhibition
↓ Lung IL-4, IL-5 expression
↓Serum IgE | | [145, 146] |
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