Authors/year/country Type/recruitment/S general university student sample No. of student sample (MBSR/control group) Mean age of MBSR group Mean age of control group Inclusion criterion MBSR protocol Control group Outcome measures/results Bai et al. 2020 [24 ] USA First-year college students 55/54 18 and above 18 and above Previous published references 80-minute, 8 sessions, 6 week Wait-list Significant reduction in stress (DISE, ); no significant improvement in negative emotion (NEI, ), rumination (RRQ, ) Baumgartner and Schneider 2023 [25 ] USA University general student sample 29/29 18–23 18–23 Previous published references 2-week period, 10-min mindfulness practice Wait-list No significant reduction in stress (PSS, ); significant improvement (GPA, ) Cavanagh et al. 2013 [33 ] USA University general student sample 54/50 25.28 ± 6.85 24.08 ± 5.98 Previous published references Online MBSR, 10-min daily, 2 weeks Wait-list Significant reduction in depression (FFMQ, ), (PSS, ), (PHQ-4, ) Chen et al. 2013 [34 ] USA University first-year nursing students 30/30 Unclear Unclear Previous published references 7 consecutive days mindfulness meditation, 30-min each time Health education Significant reduction in anxiety (SAS, ), depression (SDS, ), and autonomic nervous system function improved (SBP, ), (DBP, ) Danitz and Orsillo 2014 [30 ] USA University first-year undergraduates and first-year law students 19/30 18 and above 18 and above Previous published references 1.5-hr workshop, a 2-week period, 10-min mindfulness practice Wait-list Significant reduction in depression (DASS, ); acceptance (PHL-MS, VLQ, ); no significant reduction in anxiety (SAS, ) Martínez-Rubio et al. 2021 [35 ] UK University undergraduate psychology students 15/15 22.08 ± 3.65 22.5 ± 4.64 Previous published references 6 MBSR program topic of 90-min sessions weekly per week, 6 weeks Wait-list Significant reduction in stress and psychological distress (PSS, GHQ-12, ), (FFMQ, ), and self-compassion (SCS-SF, ), (AAQ, ) Delgado et al. 2010 [36 ] USA University female students 36/36 18–24 18–24 Previous published references Mindfulness, and progressive muscle relaxation, weekly 1-hr group sessions, 5 weeks Relaxation Significant improvement in emotional and physiological regulatory mechanisms (STAI, ), (BDI, ), (PANAS, ), (SHC, ), (TMMS, ), heart rate ( ) Dvořáková et al. 2017 [37 ] USA University first-year undergraduate students 55/54 18.2 ± 0.4 18.2 ± 0.4 Previous published references 8 sessions over 6 weeks, each session 80-min Wait-list Significant increase in life satisfaction (SCC, ), (SWL, ), (MAAS, ); significant decrease in depression (GHQ, ) and anxiety (GAD, ) Vibe et al. 2013 [38 ] NOR University medicine and psychology 26/43 23.8 ± (5.2) 23.6 ± 4.7 Kabat-Zinn MBSR programme 8 weeks, each sessions 2.5-hr Wait-list Significant reduction in mental distress (GHQ-12, ), (MBI, ), (PMSS, ); significant improvement in subjective well-being (SWB, ) and (FFMQ, ) Seppälä et al. 2020 [26 ] UK University undergraduate students 34/47 18 and above 18 and above Online mindfulness program Twice per week for a total of 30-min, 8 weeks No-treatment Significant reduction in burnout (SIMB, ), distress, anxiety, depression (MASQ, ), stress (PSS, ); significant improvement in life satisfaction (SWLS, ), positive affect (PANAS, ), gratitude (GQ-6, ), self-compassion (SCS, ), mindfulness (FFMQ, ), and self-esteem (SISE, ) Galante et al. 2020 [32 ] USA University undergraduate or postgraduate students 168/169 18 and above 18 and above Previous published references 75–90-min MBSR, home practice 15–25-min/day, 8 weeks Support No significant improvement in distress (CORE-OM, ); mental well-being (WEMWBS, ) Greeson et al. 2014 [31 ] USA University undergraduate, graduate, and professional students 45/45 25.75 ± 6.84 24.76 ± 4.15 Kabat-Zinn MBSR programme 75-min classes, meditation 10 minutes daily, 4 weeks Wait-list Significantly reduce perceived stress (PSS, ), increase self-compassion (CAMS-R, ), (SCS, ), gratitude (GQ-6, ), and sleep quality (MOS SLP9, ) Gu et al. 2018 [49 ] CHA Undergraduate, graduate, and professional students 45/45 25.4 ± 5.7 25.4 ± 5.7 Kabat-Zinn MBSR programme 75-minute classes first time, 10-min daily, 4 weeks Wait-list Significant reduce perceived stress (PSS, ), sleep problems(MOS SLP9, ), increase mindfulness (CAMS-R, ), and self-compassion (SCS, ) Hazlett-Stevens and Oren 2016 [40 ] USA University undergraduate students 28/26 20.21 ± 1.03 20.38 ± 1.02 Previous published references 1-hour MBSR sessions, 30 min of self-practice per day, 6 weeks Wait-list Significant reduction in depression, (BDI, ), anxiety (BAI, ); significant improvement in self-compassion (FFMQ, ) Huberty and Oren 2019 [27 ] USA University undergraduate students 47/45 22.1 22.1 Previous published references 1-week workbook content quiz, 10-week guided intervention meditation No-treatment Significant increased mindfulness (FFMQ, ), quality of life (WHOQOL, ); significant decreases in depression (DASS, ), anxiety (PSS, ), stress (PSWQ, ) Kang et al. 2009 [41 ] KOR University female undergraduates 58/55 18.45 ± 0.78 18.45 ± 0.78 Previous published references Nonjudgmental, and cognitive dissonance-based MBSR, 4 weeks No-judgmental control No significant improvement in body image dissatisfaction (BIAQ, ), (BCQ, ), (SBPS, ), depression (BDI-II, ), and eating disorders (EDE-Q, ) Kvillemo et al. 2016 [42 ] SWE University undergraduate and postgraduate students 40/39 30.50 ± 10.78 26.67 ± 6.75 Previous published references 2-3 times a week, 8 weeks sessions MBCT Wait-list Significant reduction in depression (DASS, ), anxiety (DASS, ), stress (DASS, ); significant increase in satisfaction with life (SWLS, ), self-compassion (SCS, ) Luethcke et al. 2011 [43 ] USA University female undergraduates 58/55 22.02 ± 5.52 24.18 ± 9.95 Previous published references Videoconferences MBSR biweekly in three 20-min evening sessions, 8 weeks No-judgmental control Significant improvement in body image (BIAQ, ), (BCQ, ), (SBPS, ), eating disorders (EDE-Q, ); no significant improvement in depression (BDI, ) Lever Taylor et al. 2014 [44 ] UK University nursing students 16/16 22.69 ± 1.49 22.25 ± 0.86 Previous published references 90-min per day for 8 weeks session MBSR Health education Significant reduction in anxiety (STAI, ), stress (PWI-SF, ); no significant improvement in depression (BDI, ) Erogul et al. 2014 [45 ] USA University undergraduate students 46/44 Kabat-Zinn MBSR programme 30–45 minutes, 6 to 7 days per week, 8 weeks session MBSR Wait-list No significant increase in mental well-being (FFMQ, ) and depression (SDS, ) Simonsson et al. 2013 [29 ] USA University first-year medical students 28/30 23.5 ± 1.7 23.3 ± 1.4 Previous published references 75-min weekly at home and a half-day retreat in the last week, 6 months No-treatment control No significant increase in stress (PSS, ), mental resilience (RS, ), self-compassion (SCS, ) Ritvo et al. 2021 [28 ] CAN University students 88/89 18 and above 18 and above British Association of Mindfulness-Based Approaches 2020 20–30 minutes per day, 4 weeks Wait-list Significant reduction in anxiety (PROMIS, ); no significant reduction in depression (PROMIS, ) Phang et al. 2015 [50 ] CHA Medical students 37/38 21.14 ± 1.10 20.94 ± 1.17 Previous published references 5 week/day, thought-scan, body scan and kindness, home-gym (homework assignment) Health education Significant reduction in stress (GHQ, ); significant improvement in subjective well-being (GSES, ) Recabarren et al. 2019 [46 ] CH University students 76/78 22.02 ± 5.52 24.18 ± 9.95 Previous published references Videoconferences MBSR biweekly in three 20-min evening sessions, 8 weeks Wait-list Significant reduction in anxiety (BAI, ), mindfulness (FFMQ, ); no significant reduction in depression (PHQ, ), and stress (PSS, ) Sun et al. 2021 [47 ] USA Undergraduate psychology university students 32/32 21.22 ± 2.27 21.47 ± 2.8 Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Cognitive behavioral mindfulness-based stress prevention, 2-h each sessions, 8 weeks Wait-list Significant reduction in depression (BDI, ), anxiety (STAI, ), pain (WHOQOL, ), no significant improvement in self-efficacy (GSES, ), coherence (SOC, ), self-compassion (SCS, ), and social support (MSPSS, ) Song and Lindquist 2015 [48 ] USA University students 52/47 18 or older 18 and above Previous published references 40-min each, every day, 4 weeks Support Significant increase in mindfulness (MAAS, ); no significant improvement in depression (PHQ, ) and anxiety (GAD, ) van Dijk et al. 2017 [51 ] NL Medical students 83/84 23.7 ± 1.91 23.3 ± 1.77 Previous published references 10–20 min of daily mindfulness meditation for 30 days No-treatment Significant increase in mindfulness (MAAS, ); significant improvement in stress (PSS, ) and general health (GHQ, ); significant decreases in self-efficacy (GSES, ) Yang et al. 2018 [53 ] USA Medical students 45/43 21 21 Previous published references 10–20 min of daily mindfulness meditation for 30 days No-treatment Significant increase in mindfulness (FFMQ, ) and mindfulness (FFMQ, ); significant decreases in stress (PSS, ) Gu et al. 2017 [39 ] CHA University nursing students 21/23 19–24 19–24 Previous published references 2 hr every day, 8 weeks Wait-list Significant decreases in depression (DASS, ), anxiety (DASS, ), stress (DASS, ) and increase in mindfulness (MAAS, ) Warnecke et al. 2011 [52 ] AUS Medical students 31/34 23.92 ± 3.2 23.92 ± 3.2 Previous published references CD contained 30 min of spoken guided mindfulness practice, every day, 8 weeks No-treatment Significant decreases in depression (PSS, ), anxiety (DASS, ), stress (PSS, )