The Effectiveness of Hybrid and Pure Problem-Based Learning in the Productive Skills and Critical Thinking of Iranian Undergraduate Students through MALL Application

Table 11

Results of post hoc test for the type of instruction and critical thinking.

Dependent variables	I groups	J groups	Mean difference (I − J)	Sig.	95% confidence interval
					Lower bound	Upper bound
Critical thinking	HPBL	PPBL	5.63	0.00	2.47	8.78
		CG	10.33	0.00	7.24	13.41
	PPBL	HPBL	−5.63	0.00	−8.78	−2.47
		CG	4.70	0.00	1.70	7.69
	CG	HPBL	−10.33	0.00	−13.41	−7.24
		PPBL	−4.70	0.00	−7.69	−1.70