Education Research International / 2022 / Article / Tab 2 / Research Article
The Effectiveness of Hybrid and Pure Problem-Based Learning in the Productive Skills and Critical Thinking of Iranian Undergraduate Students through MALL Application Table 2 Results of Shapiro-Wilk test of normality.
Tests/groups HPBL PPBL CG Shapiro-Wilk Shapiro-Wilk Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Writing pretest 0.90 18 0.08 0.91 20 0.16 0.98 22 0.94 Writing posttest 0.95 18 0.49 0.90 20 0.09 0.96 22 0.38 Speaking pretest 0.91 18 0.14 0.93 20 0.22 0.96 22 0.49 Speaking posttest 0.95 18 0.32 0.90 20 0.10 0.96 22 0.36 Self-confidence pretest 0.94 18 0.31 0.95 20 0.44 0.95 22 0.32 Self-confidence posttest 0.93 18 0.26 0.94 20 0.38 0.96 22 0.41 Critical thinking pretest 0.91 18 0.16 0.95 20 0.51 0.94 22 0.15 Critical thinking posttest 0.93 18 0.241 0.90 20 0.11 0.95 22 0.12