Research Article

The Effectiveness of Hybrid and Pure Problem-Based Learning in the Productive Skills and Critical Thinking of Iranian Undergraduate Students through MALL Application

Table 2

Results of Shapiro-Wilk test of normality.

Tests/groupsHPBLPPBLCG
Shapiro-WilkShapiro-WilkShapiro-Wilk
StatisticdfSig.StatisticdfSig.StatisticdfSig.

Writing pretest0.90180.080.91200.160.98220.94
Writing posttest0.95180.490.90200.090.96220.38
Speaking pretest0.91180.140.93200.220.96220.49
Speaking posttest0.95180.320.90200.100.96220.36
Self-confidence pretest0.94180.310.95200.440.95220.32
Self-confidence posttest0.93180.260.94200.380.96220.41
Critical thinking pretest0.91180.160.95200.510.94220.15
Critical thinking posttest0.93180.2410.90200.110.95220.12