The Effectiveness of Hybrid and Pure Problem-Based Learning in the Productive Skills and Critical Thinking of Iranian Undergraduate Students through MALL Application

Table 4

Paired-samples t-test comparing the pretest and posttest scores of the HPBL learners.

	Paired differences					t	Df	Sig. (tw-tailed)
	Mean	Std. deviation	Std. error mean	95% confidence interval of the difference
				Lower	Upper
Writing	−1.38	0.60	0.14	−1.69	−1.08	−9.69	17	0.00
Speaking	−1.11	0.32	0.07	−1.27	−0.95	−14.57	17	0.00