The Effectiveness of Hybrid and Pure Problem-Based Learning in the Productive Skills and Critical Thinking of Iranian Undergraduate Students through MALL Application

Table 6

MANOVA results for the learners’ writing and speaking gain scores.

Effect		Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.	Partial eta-squared
Groups	Pillai’s Trace	1.04	31.01	4.00	114.00	0.00	0.52
	Wilks’ Lambda	0.07	74.96	4.00	112.00	0.00	0.72
	Hotelling’s Trace	10.95	150.56	4.00	110.00	0.00	0.84
	Roy’s Largest Root	10.80	307.93	2.00	57.00	0.00	0.91