The Effectiveness of Hybrid and Pure Problem-Based Learning in the Productive Skills and Critical Thinking of Iranian Undergraduate Students through MALL Application

Table 8

Results of post hoc test for the type of instruction.

Dependent variables	I groups	J groups	Mean difference (I − J)	Sig.	95% confidence interval
					Lower bound	Upper bound
Writing	HPBL	PPBL	−0.51	0.00	−0.81	−0.20
		CG	1.38	0.00	1.08	1.68
	PPBL	HPBL	0.51	0.00	0.20	0.81
		CG	1.90	0.00	1.60	2.19
	CG	HPBL	−1.38	0.00	−1.68	−1.08
		PPBL	−1.90	0.00	−2.19	−1.60
Speaking	HPBL	PPBL	0.01	0.99	−0.19	0.21
		CG	1.11	0.00	0.91	1.31
	PPBL	HPBL	−0.01	0.99	−0.21	0.19
		CG	1.10	0.00	0.90	1.29
	CG	HPBL	−1.11	0.00	−1.31	−0.91
		PPBL	−1.10	0.00	−1.29	−0.90