The Effects of WhatsApp and Telegram on Student Engagement: An Analysis from the Mixed-Methods Approach

Table 2

Pre- and posttest statistics (first three editions).

			Mean	DE		Comparison of Student’s t means
						Mean	t	Sig.	d	r
Edition 1	Social dimension	CG_pretest	2.93	0.22	0.24	0.38	−4.06	0.000	1.47	−0.59
		CG_posttest	3.31	0.29	0.57
		EG_pretest	2.7	0.28	0.78	1.13	−2.08	0.003	1.92	−0.69
		EG_posttest	3.33	0.37	0.16
	Emotional dimension	CG_pretest	3	0.26	0.15	0.35	−3.40	0.002	1.27	−0.53
		CG_posttest	3.35	0.29	0.15
		EG_pretest	2.76	0.38	0.48	0.65	−4.77	0.000	1.75	−0.65
		EG_posttest	3.41	0.36	0.64
	Cognitive dimension	CG_pretest	3	0.26	0.15	0.43	−4.37	0.000	1.62	−0.62
		CG_posttest	3.43	0.27	0.25
		EG_pretest	2.68	0.34	0.79	0.87	−6.56	0.000	1.48	−0.59
		EG_posttest	3.55	0.4	0.25
	Behavioral dimension	CG_pretest	3.03	0.26	0.26	0.6	−4.94	0.000	1.02	−0.45
		CG_posttest	3.63	0.38	0.79
		EG_pretest	2.93	0.31	0.47	0.68	−4.71	0.000	1.17	−0.5
		EG_posttest	3.61	0.46	0.67
Edition 2	Social dimension	CG_pretest	2.93	0.22	0.24	0.48	−4.65	0.000	1.71	−0.65
		CG_posttest	3.41	0.33	0.57
		EG_pretest	2.66	0.29	0.31	0.82	−5.72	0.000	2.13	−0.72
		EG_posttest	3.48	0.46	0.71
	Emotional dimension	CG_pretest	2.93	0.29	0.06	0.47	−4.35	0.000	1.62	−0.62
		CG_posttest	3.4	0.29	0.13
		EG_pretest	2.8	0.33	0.55	0.76	−5.86	0.000	1.21	−0.52
		EG_posttest	3.56	0.38	0.69
	Cognitive dimension	CG_pretest	2.95	0.36	0.42	0.58	−4.59	0.000	1.08	−0.47
		CG_posttest	3.53	0.32	0.63
		EG_pretest	2.63	0.37	0.72	1.1	−7.28	0.000	2.7	−0.8
		EG_posttest	3.73	0.44	0.97
	Behavioral dimension	CG_pretest	3.03	0.26	0.26	0.6	−4.94	0.000	1.84	−0.67
		CG_posttest	3.63	0.38	0.79
		EG_pretest	2.83	0.3	0.36	0.98	−7.34	0.000	2.72	−0.8
		EG_posttest	3.81	0.41	0.56
Edition 3	Social dimension	CG_pretest	2.9	0.28	0.4	0.51	−4.57	0.000	1.66	−0.64
		CG_posttest	3.41	0.33	0.57
		EG_pretest	2.6	0.32	0.45	1.11	−8.64	0.000	2.92	−0.82
		EG_posttest	3.71	0.43	0.8
	Emotional dimension	CG_pretest	2.91	0.3	0.12	0.49	−4.37	0.000	1.66	−0.63
		CG_posttest	3.4	0.29	0.13
		EG_pretest	2.91	0.43	0.43	0.77	−4.67	0.000	1.74	−0.65
		EG_posttest	3.68	0.45	0.34
	Cognitive dimension	CG_pretest	2.95	0.36	0.42	0.58	−4.59	0.000	1.7	−0.64
		CG_posttest	3.53	0.32	0.63
		EG_pretest	2.55	0.42	0.15	1.38	−8.12	0.000	2.98	−0.83
		EG_posttest	3.93	0.5	0.87
	Behavioral dimension	CG_pretest	3.03	0.26	0.26	0.6	−4.94	0.000	1.84	−0.67
		CG_posttest	3.63	0.38	0.79
		EG_pretest	2.73	0.29	0.45	1.37	−2.14	0.000	4.48	−0.91
		EG_posttest	4.1	0.32	0.84
		EG_posttest	3.03	0.61	0.13

Cg: control group; EG: experimental group.