The Effects of WhatsApp and Telegram on Student Engagement: An Analysis from the Mixed-Methods Approach

Table 3

Pre- and posttest statistics (first last editions).

			Media	DE		Comparison of Student’s t means
						Media	t	Sig.	d	r
Edition 4	Social dimension	CG_pretest	2.9	0.29	0.13	0.33	−3.15	0.003	0.92	−0.42
		CG_posttest	3.23	0.41	0.66
		EG_pretest	2.88	0.3	0.21	0.56	−5.2	0.000	1.48	−0.59
		EG_posttest	3.44	0.44	0.76
	Emotional dimension	CG_pretest	2.84	0.28	0.13	0.44	−4.23	0.000	1.27	−0.53
		CG_posttest	3.28	0.4	0.57
		EG_pretest	2.84	0.28	0.24	0.63	−6.16	0.000	1.82	−0.67
		EG_posttest	3.47	0.4	0.53
	Cognitive dimension	CG_pretest	2.85	0.28	0.16	0.43	−3.86	0.000	1.11	−0.48
		CG_posttest	3.28	0.47	0.61
		EG_pretest	2.81	0.33	0.41	0.74	−5.8	0.000	1.72	−0.65
		EG_posttest	3.55	0.51	0.35
	Behavioral dimension	CG_pretest	2.89	0.32	0.07	0.37	−3.06	0.003	1	−0.44
		CG_posttest	3.26	0.41	0.66
		EG_pretest	2.85	0.33	0.17	0.54	−3.59	0.001	1.11	−0.48
		EG_posttest	3.39	0.6	0.25
Edition 5	Social dimension	CG_pretest	2.85	0.32	0.16	0.36	−3.83	0.000	0.94	−0.42
		CG_posttest	3.21	0.43	0.25
		EG_pretest	2.9	0.32	0.054	0.53	−5.29	0.000	1.31	−0.55
		EG_posttest	3.43	0.47	0.41
	Emotional dimension	CG_pretest	2.82	0.28	0.39	0.43	4.66	0.000	1.22	−0.52
		CG_posttest	3.25	0.41	0.07
		EG_pretest	2.81	0.28	0.2	0.69	7.72	0.000	1.93	−0.69
		EG_posttest	3.5	0.42	0.32
	Cognitive dimension	CG_pretest	2.83	0.27	0.27	0.4	3.57	0.001	1.37	−0.56
		CG_posttest	3.23	0.49	0.31
		EG_pretest	2.78	0.35	0.14	0.83	6.5	0.000	1.77	−0.66
		EG_posttest	3.61	0.56	0.08
	Behavioral dimension	CG_pretest	2.88	0.34	0.03	0.33	−2.76	0.004	0.85	−0.39
		CG_posttest	3.21	0.43	0.25
		EG_pretest	2.88	0.34	0.78	0.4	−2.97	0.004	0.85	−0.39
		EG_posttest	3.28	0.57	0.18
Edition 6	Social dimension	CG_pretest	2.88	0.29	0.39	0.5	−3.5	0.001	1.58	−0.62
		CG_posttest	3.38	0.34	0.3
		EG_pretest	2.91	0.36	0.41	0.48	−2.05	0.03	0.97	−0.43
		EG_posttest	3.39	0.6	0.38
	Emotional dimension	CG_pretest	2.9	0.29	0.52	0.48	−3.61	0.001	1.51	−0.6
		CG_posttest	3.38	0.34	0.63
		EG_pretest	2.73	0.28	0.3	0.81	−4.71	0.000	1.88	−0.68
		EG_posttest	3.54	0.54	0.52
	Cognitive dimension	CG_pretest	2.88	0.29	0.39	0.54	−4.06	0.000	1.31	−0.54
		CG_posttest	3.42	0.41	0.43
		EG_pretest	2.71	0.36	0.89	0.98	−4.55	0.000	1.82	−0.67
		EG_posttest	3.69	0.67	0.73
	Behavioral dimension	CG_pretest	2.88	0.29	0.39	0.5	−4.19	0.000	1.58	−0.62
		CG_posttest	3.38	0.34	0.72
		EG_pretest	2.91	0.36	0.41	0.35	−0.66	0.003	0.69	−0.32
		EG_posttest	3.26	0.62	0.13

Cg: control group; EG: experimental group.