The Comparative Effect of Online Instruction, Flipped Instruction, and Traditional Instruction on Developing Iranian EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Knowledge

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of the groups in the vocabulary pretest.

	N	Mean	Std. deviations	Std. errors	95% confidence interval for means		Minimum	Maximum
					Lower bound	Upper bound
Traditional	30	14.53	1.99	0.36	13.78	15.27	11.00	18.00
Online	30	13.96	2.61	0.47	12.98	14.94	10.00	17.00
Flipped	30	15.06	2.47	0.45	14.14	15.99	11.00	19.00
Total	90	14.52	2.39	0.25	14.02	15.02	10.00	19.00