The Comparative Effect of Online Instruction, Flipped Instruction, and Traditional Instruction on Developing Iranian EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Knowledge

Table 3

Descriptive statistics of the groups in the vocabulary posttest.

	N	Mean	Std. deviations	Std. errors	95% confidence interval for means		Minimum	Maximum
					Lower bound	Upper bound
Traditional	30	15.36	1.56	0.28	14.78	15.95	13.00	18.00
Online	30	17.93	1.46	0.26	17.38	18.47	15.00	20.00
Flipped	30	19.50	1.00	0.18	19.12	19.87	16.00	20.00
Total	90	17.60	2.18	0.22	17.14	18.05	13.00	20.00