MALL and EFL Learners’ Speaking: Impacts of Duolingo and WhatsApp Applications on Speaking Accuracy and Fluency

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of the speaking fluency pretest.

	N	Mean	Std. deviation	Std. error	95% confidence interval for mean		Minimum	Maximum
					Lower bound	Upper bound
CG	30	13.83	1.83	0.33	13.14	14.52	11.00	18.00
Duolingo	30	14.10	1.86	0.34	13.40	14.79	10.00	17.00
WhatsApp	30	14.86	2.08	0.37	14.09	15.64	12.00	19.00
Total	90	14.26	1.95	0.20	13.85	14.67	10.00	19.00