MALL and EFL Learners’ Speaking: Impacts of Duolingo and WhatsApp Applications on Speaking Accuracy and Fluency

Table 5

Post hoc Scheffe test, multiple comparisons (fluency posttests).

(I) groups	(J) groups	Mean difference (I-J)	Std. error	Sig.	95% confidence interval
					Lower bound	Upper bound
CG	Duolingo	−1.43	0.485	0.01	−2.65	−0.21
	WhatsApp	−2.36	0.48	0.00	−3.58	−1.14
Duolingo	CG	1.43	0.48	0.01	0.21	2.65
	WhatsApp	−0.93	0.48	0.16	−2.15	0.28
WhatsApp	CG	2.36	0.48	0.00	1.14	3.58
	Duolingo	0.93	0.48	0.16	−0.28	2.15

The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.