The Effects of Task-Based Speaking Tasks on Iranian University Students Willingness to Communicate and Self-Efficacy in Online Classes: A Mixed-Methods Study

Table 4

Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) comparing posttest scores across groups.

Source	Type III sum of squares	df	MS	F	P	ηp^2
Corrected model	69.79	2	34.89	49.80	0.00	0.63
Intercept	106.17	1	106.17	151.53	0.00	0.72
Pre	1.52	1	1.52	2.17	0.14	0.03
Group	61.29	1	61.29	87.47	0.00	0.60
Error	39.94	57	0.70