Is There Complementarity between Teaching and Research? Evidence from Pakistani Higher Education Institutions

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of HEIs for three years (n = 40).

Variable	Description of variables	Sum	Mean	SD	Min	Max
x1	Number of faculty members	19011	475.28	586.63	35	3193
x2	Number of laboratories	1664	41.6	66.7	3	297
x3	Number of libraries	129	3.23	1.98	1	7
x4	Number of enrollment course taught students	278637	6965.93	8279.15	620	38058
x5	Number of PhD thesis supervised	376	9.4	8.05	4	35
x6	Amount of research grant (in millions Pakistani rupees)	926.2	23.15	33.9	0.5	170.04
y1	Number of graduated students from course taught	62168	1554.2	1531.2	203	6707
y2	Average graduates’ result (CGPA)	—	3.19	0.12	2.9	3.43
y3	Graduate rate	—	25.42	13.53	7	62.02
y4	Number of published research papers, books, and conferences	9737	243.43	275.63	3	1500

¹Number of HEIs was restricted to 40 because of accessibility issues. However, there are studies published with even lesser number of universities, for example, [56, 57].