Associations between Students’ Test Preparation Strategies and Test Anxiety: Gender, Age, and Parents’ Level of Education as Control Variables

Table 2

Hierarchical regression analysis for test preparation strategies and worry test anxiety.

Model		Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	Sig.
		B	Std. error	β
1	(Constant) R = 0.224^a; R^2 = 0.050,	15.691	5.473		2.867	0.005
	Age	−0.125	0.354	−0.030	−0.353	0.725
	Gender = male	−0.963	0.608	−0.135	−1.584	0.115
	Mothers’ levels of education = no education	0.314	1.808	0.013	0.174	0.862
	Mothers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	0.575	0.557	0.083	1.032	0.303
	Fathers’ levels of education = no education	5.062	2.477	0.148	2.044	0.042
	Fathers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	−0.132	0.562	−0.019	−0.234	0.815
2	(Constant) R = 0.347^b; R^2 = 0.121, ; ΔR^2 = 0.071, ΔF = 4.855,	20.588	5.647		3.646	<0.001
	Age	−0.154	0.346	−0.037	−0.446	0.656
	Gender = male	−1.134	0.596	−0.159	−1.904	0.059
	Mothers’ levels of education = no education	0.124	1.779	0.005	0.070	0.944
	Mothers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	0.715	0.545	0.103	1.312	0.191
	Fathers’ levels of education = no education	4.770	2.405	0.140	1.983	0.049
	Fathers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	−0.149	0.548	−0.021	−0.272	0.786
	Cognitive test preparation	−0.142	0.056	−0.226	−2.553	0.012
	Metacognitive test preparation	−0.068	0.063	−0.096	−1.074	0.284
	Social test preparation	0.078	0.094	0.066	0.832	0.407

Note: ^aR for model 1; ^bR for model 2.