Associations between Students’ Test Preparation Strategies and Test Anxiety: Gender, Age, and Parents’ Level of Education as Control Variables

Table 3

Hierarchical regression analysis for test preparation strategies and cognitive test anxiety.

Model		Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	Sig.
		B	Std. error	β
1	(Constant) R = 0.215^a; R^2 = 0.046,	16.672	5.608		2.973	0.003
	Age	−0.183	0.362	−0.044	−0.506	0.614
	Gender = male	−0.810	0.627	−0.112	−1.292	0.198
	Mothers’ levels of education = no education	−1.433	1.857	−0.058	−0.772	0.441
	Mothers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	0.587	0.582	0.082	1.008	0.315
	Fathers’ levels of education = no education	3.001	2.080	0.106	1.443	0.151
	Fathers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	0.279	0.587	0.039	0.474	0.636
2	(Constant) R = 0.288^b; R^2 = 0.083, ; ΔR^2 = 0.037, ΔF = 2.376,	21.673	5.906		3.670	<0.001
	Age	−0.268	0.360	−0.064	−0.745	0.457
	Gender = male	−0.856	0.622	−0.118	−1.377	0.170
	Mothers’ levels of education = no education	−1.610	1.865	−0.066	−0.863	0.389
	Mothers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	0.675	0.586	0.095	1.153	0.251
	Fathers’ levels of education = no education	2.862	2.060	0.101	1.389	0.167
	Fathers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	0.290	0.587	0.041	0.494	0.622
	Cognitive test preparation	−0.086	0.058	−0.136	−1.479	0.141
	Metacognitive test preparation	−0.045	0.066	−0.063	−0.676	0.500
	Social test preparation	−0.034	0.098	−0.028	−0.349	0.727

Note: ^aR for model 1; ^bR for model 2.