Associations between Students’ Test Preparation Strategies and Test Anxiety: Gender, Age, and Parents’ Level of Education as Control Variables

Table 4

Hierarchical regression analysis for test preparation strategies and tension test anxiety.

Model		Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	Sig.
		B	Std. error	β
1	(Constant) R = 0.258^a; R^2 = 0.067,	23.606	5.799		4.071	<0.001
	Age	−0.630	0.375	−0.145	−1.680	0.095
	Gender = male	−0.924	0.636	−0.125	−1.454	0.148
	Mothers’ levels of education = no education	−1.298	1.868	−0.052	−0.695	0.488
	Mothers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	0.839	0.577	0.116	1.454	0.148
	Fathers’ levels of education = no education	0.166	2.090	0.006	0.080	0.937
	Fathers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	−0.136	0.580	−0.019	−0.235	0.815
2	(Constant) R = 0.301^b; R^2 = 0.090, ; ΔR^2 = 0.024, ΔF = 1.540,	25.722	6.127		4.198	<0.001
	Age	−0.648	0.376	−0.149	−1.723	0.087
	Gender = male	−1.062	0.638	−0.144	−1.664	0.098
	Mothers’ levels of education = no education	−1.799	1.887	−0.072	−0.954	0.342
	Mothers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	0.870	0.580	0.120	1.501	0.135
	Fathers’ levels of education = no education	0.249	2.084	0.009	0.120	0.905
	Fathers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	−0.114	0.581	−0.016	−0.196	0.845
	Cognitive test preparation	2.515E–5	0.060	0.000	0.000	1.000
	Metacognitive test preparation	−0.121	0.066	−0.168	−1.823	0.070
	Social test preparation	0.122	0.100	0.099	1.218	0.225

Note: ^aR for model 1; ^bR for model 2.