Associations between Students’ Test Preparation Strategies and Test Anxiety: Gender, Age, and Parents’ Level of Education as Control Variables

Table 5

Hierarchical regression analysis for test preparation strategies and physiological test anxiety.

Model		Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	Sig.
		B	Std. error	β
1	(Constant) R = 0.284^a; R^2 = 0.081,	13.170	5.516		2.388	0.018
	Age	−0.116	0.356	−0.027	−0.326	0.745
	Gender = male	−1.085	0.620	−0.144	−1.749	0.082
	Mothers’ levels of education = no education	−1.174	1.875	−0.046	−0.626	0.532
	Mothers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	1.678	0.569	0.229	2.949	0.004
	Fathers’ levels of education = no education	−2.177	2.103	−0.074	−1.035	0.302
	Fathers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	−0.510	0.579	−0.070	−0.881	0.379
2	(Constant) R = 0.362^b; R^2 = 0.131, ; ΔR^2 = 0.050, ΔF = 3.510,	18.999	5.826		3.261	0.001
	Age	−0.237	0.352	−0.055	−0.673	0.502
	Gender = male	−1.168	0.611	−0.155	−1.912	0.057
	Mothers’ levels of education = no education	−2.029	1.867	−0.079	−1.087	0.279
	Mothers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	1.698	0.565	0.232	3.004	0.003
	Fathers’ levels of education = no education	−2.178	2.064	−0.074	−1.055	0.293
	Fathers’ levels of education = primary education/secondary education	−0.410	0.574	−0.056	−0.714	0.476
	Cognitive test preparation	0.009	0.058	0.013	0.152	0.879
	Metacognitive test preparation	−0.186	0.066	−0.250	−2.813	0.005
	Social test preparation	0.061	0.096	0.049	0.632	0.528

Note: ^aR for model 1; ^bR for model 2.