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| CF types | Description of the OCF types | Example |
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Clarification
request | In this type of CF, the teacher conveys a message to the learner that his/her utterance is ill-formed and needs further reformulation. In this OCF type, the teacher may use phrases like “Pardon?” or “Excuse me?” and “I do not understand” | S: Yesterday, my sister gives me a doll.
T: I do not understand |
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| Elicitation | In elicitation, the teacher directly elicits a reformulation from the student by asking questions or by asking learners to reformulate their utterances like “Can you repeat?” | S: Yesterday, my sister gives me a doll.
T: Yesterday your sister…. |
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| Metalinguistic cue | The teacher provides comments or questions related to the well-formedness of the student’s utterance. The teacher indicates the presence of an error by providing verbal and linguistic clues, inviting the learner to self-correct (e.g., “Do we say it like that?”) | S: Yesterday, my sister gives me a doll.
T: Do we say give when it is in the past? |
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| Repetition | The teacher repeats the student’s ill-formed utterance, adjusting the intonation to highlight the error | S: Yesterday, my sister gives me a doll.
T: Yesterday, sister gives …? (rising intonation on the erroneous past) |
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| Recast | The teacher implicitly reformulates all or part of the student’s utterance | S: Yesterday, my sister gives me a doll.
T: Oh, she gave you a doll |
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| Explicit correction | By providing the correct form, the teacher clearly indicates that what the student had said was incorrect | S: Yesterday, my sister gives me a doll.
T: No, you should say gave. Yesterday my sister gave me a doll |
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