|
| Study author, year, country | N total (start) | Population | Intervention type | Outcome(s) | Outcome measurement instrument (patient (PR)/researcher reported (RR)) | Time-points measured |
| Cancer stage | Treatment | Age (mean year) | Sex (% male) |
|
| Ahmedzai et al. 2004, UK [93] | 12 | Stage I (9)
Stage II (2)
Stage III (1) | NR | 68 | 58.33 | Other | Distance walked | 6MWT while breathing test gas mixtures (RR, Y) | Three times between VAS and Borg scale measurement with a minimum 15-min rest in between |
| General extent of their dyspnea at rest and on exertion | Visual Analogue Scale (PR, Y) | Before 6MWT, immediately after 6MWT |
| The modified Borg scale (RR, Y) |
|
| Chan et al. 2011, UK and Hong Kong [46] | 140 | Stage III or IV | Palliative radiotherapy | NR | 83 | Psychoeducational intervention | Intensity of breathlessness | Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (PR, Y) | Baseline (T0), at week 3 (T1), at week 6 (T2), and at week 12 (T3) |
| Intensity of fatigue | The revised Piper Fatigue Scale (PR, Y) |
|
| Cheng 2022, China [27] | 58 | NR | Lobectomy | 63.6 | 48.28 | Multicomponent intervention: Exercise intervention + diet | Exercise ability | 6MWT (RR, Y) | Before and after treatment |
| Dyspnea | Self-feeling score (PR, N) |
|
| Doğan and Taşcı, 2020, Turkey [48] | 60 | Stage II (2)
Stage III (20)
Stage IV (38) | Chemotherapy | 61.05 | 88.1 | Acupressure intervention | Walking distance | 6MWT (RR, Y) | Baseline, postintervention |
| Dyspnea | Borg scale (PR, Y) |
|
| Edvardsen et al. 2014, Norway [78] | 61 | Stage I (33)
Stage II (19)
Stage III (10)
Stage IV (1) | Mixed: Surgery additional chemotherapy after surgery: n = 18
Additional radiotherapy after surgery: n = 7 | 65.15 | 45.5 | Exercise intervention | Concentric leg strength | The sum of the maximum weight that could be lifted once using a horizontal hip and knee extension movement (RR, NR) | Before surgery (T0), 4–6 weeks after surgery (T1), and immediately after 20-week intervention (T2) |
| Maximum hand strength | Grip strength dynamometer (RR, Y) |
| Physical functioning | Chair stand test (RR, Y), maximum stair steps for 15 s (RR, Y), a modified one-foot static balance test on soft ground for a maximum of 60 s (RR, Y), and SF-36 (PR, Y) |
| Dyspnea | EORTC QLQ-C30 (PR, Y) |
|
| Henke et al. 2014, Norway and Germany [51] | 29 | Stage IIIa or IIIb or IV | Palliative chemotherapy | NR | NR | Exercise intervention | Functional capacity | 6MWT (RR, Y) | Baseline (T0) and after chemotherapy (T1) |
| Staircase walking (amount of steps) (RR, Y) |
| Muscle strength (max. amount of rep.) | Biceps curl (RR, NR) |
| Triceps extension (RR, NR) |
| Bridging (RR, NR) |
| Abdominal exercise (RR, NR) |
| Physical function | EORTC QLQ-C30 (PR, Y) |
| Role functioning |
| Fatigue |
| Dyspnea | EORTC QLQ-C30 (PR, Y) |
| EORTC QLQ-LC-13 (PR, Y) |
| Patient’s independence in activities of daily living | Barthel index |
|
| Hoffman et al. 2017, US [30] | 73 | Stage I (62%)
Stage II (21%)
Stage III (11%)
Stage IV (3%)
Indeterminate (3%) | Surgery | 66.5 | 44.5 | Multicomponent intervention: Exercise intervention + Psychoeducational intervention | Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) | The 9-item Brief fatigue inventory (BFI) (PR, NR) | Presurgery and postsurgery (week 1, week 2, week 3, week 4, week 5, and week 6) |
| Functional status or fatigability | 6MWT (RR, Y) | Presurgery and postsurgery (week 3 and week 6) |
| Functional performance (physical health component) | The modified Borg scale (PR, Y) |
|
| Jiang et al. 2017, China and Korea [55] | 60 | Stage III (2)
Stage IV (18) | Chemotherapy | 58.62 | 70 | Diet intervention | Fatigue | Fatigue symptom inventory (FSI) (PR, Y) | Pre- and posttreatment |
| Shortness of breath | CM symptoms questionnaire (PR, Y) |
| Functional status | FACT-L scale (PR, Y) |
|
| Molassiotis et al, 2014, Hong Kong, UK, Cyprus [94] | 47 | Stage I: n = 3
Stage II: n = 8
Stage III: n = 14
Stage IV: n = 13
Unknown: n = 8 | Mixed: Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy and/or surgery | 69.5 | 80.4 | Exercise intervention | Dyspnea | mBorg scale (PR, Y) | Baseline (T0), week 4 (T1), week 8 (T2), week 12 (T3) |
| The chronic respiratory disease questionnaire-short form (CRDQ) (PR, Y) |
| Worst breathlessness | Numerical rating scale (PR, Y) |
| Average breathlessness |
| Fatigue | The chronic respiratory disease questionnaire-short form (CRDQ) (PR, Y) |
|
| Peng et al. 2019, China [39] | 160 | Stage III/IV | Surgery (GKS) | 60.4 | 53.15 | Psychoeducational intervention | Physical well-being (QoL) | FACT-L (RR, Y) | Baseline, posttest, and four-month follow-up |
| Functional well-being (Qol) |
|
| Quist et al. 2018, Denmark [40] | 235 | Stage IA (51)
Stage IB (70)
Stage IIA (24)
Stage IIB (28)
Stage IIIA (35)
Stage IIIB (3) | Surgery | 65.5 | 45 | Multicomponent intervention: Exercise intervention + psychoeducational intervention | Role functioning | EORTC QLQ-C30 (PR, Y) | Baseline, after 14 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks |
| Physical functioning |
| Fatigue |
| Dyspnea |
| Exercise performance (6MWD) | 6MWT (RR, Y) |
|
| Rutkowska et al. 2019, Poland and VS [60] | 40 | Stage IIIB: 24
Stage IV: 6 | Chemotherapy | 60.23 | NR | Exercise intervention | Functional wellbeing | FACT-L (PR, Y) | Baseline (pre) and day 42 (post) |
| Role physical | SF-36 (PR, Y) |
| Physical functioning |
|
| Sebio García et al. 2017, Spain [42] | 40 | Stage I | Lung resection surgery | 70.2 | 10 | Exercise intervention | Exercise capacity | Constant-load cycle endurance test (CCET) (RR, Y) | Baseline (preintervention), postsurgery, and 3 months |
| Functional capacity (6MWD in m) | 6MWT (RR, Y) |
| Upper and lower body strength | Arm curl test (RR, Y) |
| 30’s chair-to-stand test (RR, NR) |
| Physical functioning | SF-36v2 (PR, Y) | Baseline and postintervention |
| Role physical |
|
| Sunahara et al. 2023, Japan [86] | 46 | Primary LC: n = 31
Lung metastasis: n = 15 | Surgery: n = 23
Surgery and chemo: n = 23 | 71 | 60.9 | Multicomponent (PE + exercise) | Physical function | Physical component summary, accelerometer (Y) | Baseline and 2 months postoperative |
| Role function | Role/social component summary |
| Dyspnea | Cancer dyspnea scale |
| Fatigue | Cancer fatigue scale |
|
| Tang et al. 2014, Taiwan [64] | 57 | Stage I (4)
Stage II (2)
Stage III (13)
Stage IV (38) | Chemotherapy | 58.27 | 59.3 | Acupressure intervention | Fatigue (total score) | The Chinese version of the Tang Fatigue Rating Scale (PR, Y) | Before initial chemotherapy (T0), on day 1 of third chemotherapy (T1), and on day 1 of sixth chemotherapy (T2) |
| Fatigue in daily living activities |
| Physical functioning |
|
| Tian et al. 2010, China [65] | 70 | Stage IIIb: n = 21
Stage IV: n = 39 | Chemotherapy | NR | 50 | Diet intervention | Fatigue | EORTC QLQ-C30 (PR, Y) | Before and after receiving the treatment |
| Dyspnea |
| Physical functioning |
| Role functioning |
|
| Wang et al. 2020, China [45] | 65 | Carcinoma in situ (6)
Stage I (48)
Stage II (3)
Stage III (8) | Surgery | 57 (median) | 33.9 | Exercise intervention | Dyspnea | The modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) | On the day of admission (T0), before surgery (T1), the first day after operation (T2), and discharge from the hospital (T3) |
| (RR, Y) |
| 6MWD | 30-m corridor for 6 minutes according to the American Thoracic Society Guidelines (RR, NR) |
|
| Yorke et al., 2022, UK [95] | 263 | Mesothelioma: n = 32
Primary LC: n = 230
Secondary LC: n = 1 | Palliative: n = 159
Radical: n = 104 | 69 | 49.8 | Multicomponent intervention | Dyspnea | Dyspnea-12 (D-12) (Y) | Baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks |
| Fatigue | The functional assessment of chronic illness-fatigue (NR) |
|
