|
| Study, author, year, country | Control group | Intervention group |
| NC | Content control group | NI | Content of intervention | Timing | Duration | Frequency | Duration of intervention | Setting |
|
| Exercise interventions |
| Edvardsen et al. 2014, Norway [78] | 31 | Usual care | 30 | (a) High-intensity endurance training (HIIT): walking on a treadmill
(b) Strength training: the leg press, leg extension, back extension, seat row, bicep curls, and chest-and-shoulder press
(c) Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) | Posttreatment | 60 min | (a) 3x/week
(b) 3x/week
(c) Daily | 20 weeks | Fitness centre |
|
| Henke et al. 2014, Norway and Germany [51] | 11 | Usual care | 18 | Additional to usual care
(a) Endurance training: walking and stair walking exercise
(b) Strength training: a bridging exercise, biceps curl, triceps extension
(c) Breathing techniques | During treatment | (a) 6 min. walking, 2 min. stairs
(b) —
(c) — | (a) 5x/week
(b) Every other day of the week
(c) 5x/week | Start: first day of chemo
End: after completing the 3rd cycle of chemo | Hospital |
|
| Molassiotis et al, 2014, Hong Kong, UK, Cyprus [94] | 23 | Usual care | 24 | Inspiratory muscle training | NR | 30 min. per day | 5 IMT sessions weekly | 12 weeks | Hospital + home |
|
| Rutkowska et al. 2019, Poland and VS [60] | 10 | Usual care | 20 | Exercise training program: (a) Individualized, fitness and respiratory exercises
(b) Training on a cycle ergometer or treadmill
(c) Resistance exercise
(d) Nordic walking
(e) Relaxation training | During treatment | 20–45 min | 5 sessions per week, for 4 weeks (on days 7–20 and days 28–41): (a) 30 min of fitness and respiratory exercises, 30 min of respiratory exercises
(b) 20–30 min training on a cycle ergometer or treadmill
(c) NR
(d) 45 min Nordic walking NR | 4 weeks | Hospital |
|
| Sebio García et al. 2017, Spain [42] | 12 | Usual care | 10 | Rehabilitation programme: (a) Moderate endurance training: cycle ergometer
(b) Strength training: elastic bands, body-weight exercises
(c) Breathing exercises | Pretreatment | 60 min. (a) 30 min
(b) NR
(c) — | (a) 3-5x/week
(b) 3-5x/week
(c) 2x/day | NR | (a) Hospital
(b) Home |
|
| Wang et al. 2020, China [45] | 34 | Usual pre- and postsurgery care | 31 | Breathing exercises program: (a) Abdominal breathing training
(b) Pursed-lips breathing
(c) Incentive spirometry exercises
(d) Blow balloon training | Pre and posttreatment | From admission to 1 day before surgery: 15–20 min
1 day after surgery: 5–10 min
Day 2 after surgery until discharge: 15–20 min | 2x/day | — | Hospital |
|
| Acupressure interventions |
| Doğan and Taşcı, 2020, Turkey [48] | 31 | Usual care | 29 | 56 sessions of acupressure
Acupoints: LU-1, LU-10, P-6 | Posttreatment | 18 min | 2x/day | 4 weeks | Home |
|
| Tang et al. 2014, Taiwan [64] | 16 | Sham acupressure | | Acupressure with essential oils
Acupoints: L14, ST36, SP6
Acupressure only
Acupoints: L14, ST36, SP6 | During treatment | 6 min | Daily | 5 months | Home |
|
| Diet interventions |
| Jiang et al. 2017, China and Korea [55] | 26 | Chemotherapy alone | 34 | 300 mg of fermented red ginseng (FRG) extract additional chemotherapy | During treatment | — | Daily | 60 days | Home |
|
| Tian et al. 2010, China [65] | 20 | Chemotherapy (treated with vinorelbine plus cisplatin (NP) or gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GP) | 20 | Feiji recipe (group A) | During treatment | — | One treatment contained 250 ml of herbal preparation, each subject received two treatments a day | 2 months | Home |
|
| Psychoeducational interventions |
| Chan et al. 2011, UK and Hong Kong [46] | 70 | Usual care | 70 | Additional to usual care
(a) Educational package
(b) Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)
(c) Telephone reminder to enhance participation in the week 3 sessions | During | (a) 40 min
(b) NR
(c) NR | (a) 2 sessions: one week prior to the beginning of the course of RT, and reinforced 3 weeks after commencing RT
(b) Daily
(c) At the end of the second week | 12 weeks of PMR | Hospital |
|
| Peng et al. 2019, China [39] | 78 | Usual care | 82 | Supportive group psychotherapy: each session is based around 8 themes (exploration of life stories, implications of living with cancer, stress coping, mindfulness and feeling anxious, relationships and support, self-identity, hope, and moving forward), within each session opportunity for individual expression, group discussion, teaching, and problem-solving | Posttreatment | 90 min | 1x/week | 8 weeks | Hospital |
|
| Multicomponent interventions |
| Cheng 2022, China [27] | 29 | Routine nursing | 29 | Lung rehabilitation therapy additional to routine nursing:
(a) Exercise training: lower and upper limb muscle training, the whole physical exercise
(b) Respiratory muscle training
(c) Nutritional therapy | Posttreatment | — | (a) 3-5x/week
(b) —
(c) — | 12 weeks | Hospital |
|
| Hoffman et al. 2017, US [30] | 36 | Usual care | 37 | (a) Initial home visit (connecting the Nintendo Wii fit plus, teaching the exercise intervention, and reinforcing the CRF self-management education and exercise safety
(b) Phone visit (to answer any questions and concerns regarding the intervention)
(c) Follow-up home visit (with additional visits scheduled on request of the participant): teaching self-efficacy CRF self-management educations
(d) Diary (to record exercise activity each week)
(e) Exercise program (warm-up walking and balance exercises; with the goal of walking with the Wii of 30 minutes per day during week 6)
(f) Exercise program safety checklist (to review ensuring safety prior to the start of exercise) | Posttreatment | — | (a) At start
(b) Within 24 hours after initial home visit
(c) At start of week 2, the average number of home visits = 2.8
(d) Daily, each week
(e) Duration of warm-up walking built up from 5 minutes per day for 5 days during week 1 to 5 minutes per day each week. 5 days per week for 6 weeks balance exercises
(f) Provided prior to the start of exercise | | Home |
|
| Quist et al. 2018, Denmark [40] | 119 | Late initiated postoperative rehabilitation (14 weeks after surgery (LRG)) | 116 | Early initiated postoperative rehabilitation (14 days after surgery (ERG))
(a) Group-based exercise sessions (the exercise consisted of an individually prepared supervised strength exercise and a group-based cardiovascular exercise)
(b) individual counseling sessions
(c) and group-based lessons in health-promoting behavior
d. If the participants had special needs in terms of smoking cessation, nutritional counseling, or patient education, this was offered too | Posttreatment | (a) 60 min
(b) —
(c) — | (a) 2x/week
(b) 3 sessions
(c) 3 lessons | 12 weeks | Hospital |
|
| Sunahara et al. 2023, Japan [86] | 18 | Postoperative rehabilitation program | 16 | Postoperative rehabilitation program and received physical activity instruction preoperatively and at discharge
Instructions twice on promoting physical activity during the hospitalization period (preoperatively and at discharge) in addition to the postoperative exercise program | Pre- and posttreatment | 20 min | Instructions: twice: (a) Postoperative exercise program: once a day for 20 min. per session, 5 times a week | — | Hospital |
|
| Yorke et al., 2022, UK [95] | 131 | Usual care | 132 | (a) Controlled breathing techniques: consisting of diaphragmatic breathing exercises or pursed lip breathing, practised twice a day or used as needed beyond that for episodes of intense breathlessness and/or anxiety | Posttreatment | (a) —
(b) —
(c) 1 min
(d) — | (b) twice a day or used as needed
(c) —
(d) at least twice a day
(e) individually | — | Hospital |
| (b) Cough suppression techniques include education (capacity for voluntary cough easing), identifying warning signs for cough and replacing with sips of water, modified swallow technique, huff cough technique, or relaxed throat breathing |
| (c) Acupressure: a small number of acupressure points were taught: L7, L9 (for cough and dyspnea, located on the wrist areas), LI4 (for energy, located in hand), CV21, CV22 (for cough and dyspnea, located in sternum), and ST36 (for energy, located in the knee). Patients could select any of these points in any combination to apply pressure for 1 min at least twice a day for symptom relief |
| (d) Exercise: individually tailored exercise plan, for example, walking incrementally increasing distances in their local environment, and incorporating breathing techniques as required |
|
| Other interventions |
| Ahmedzai et al. 2004, UK [93] | 12 (crossover) | (a) Oxygen-enriched air (72% N2, 28% O2)
(b) Medical air (78.9% N2, 21.1% O2) | 12 (crossover) | Heliox 28 gas mixture (72% He, 28% O2) | Pretreatment | 5 min | — | — | Hospital |
|
