Pharmacological Management of Esophageal Food Bolus Impaction

Box 2

Esophageal Motility Disorders (EMD).

Primary EMD

 (i) Achalasia

 (ii) Diffuse esophageal spasm

 (iii) Gastroesophageal reflux

Secondary EMD

 (i) Pseudoachalasia

 (ii) Chagas' disease

 (iii) Scleroderma esophagus

 (iv) Parkinson's disease

 (v) Infiltrative disorders

Manometric Variants, Not EMD

 (i) Nutcracker esophagus

 (ii) Hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter

 (iii) Ineffective esophageal motility