Research Article
Prehospital Factors Associated with Refractory Traumatic Arrest
Table 1
Baseline characteristics in the ER death and ER survival groups.
| | Parameters | Total, N = 172 | ER death, N = 145 (84.3%) | ER survival, N = 27 (15.7%) | P value |
| | Age (years) | 53 (41–61) | 54 (39–63) | 52 (49–56) | 0.099 | | Male, N (%) | 122 (70.9) | 104 (71.7) | 18 (66.7) | 0.646 | | Injury mechanism | | | | 0.065 | | Blunt, N (%) | 169 (98.3) | 144 (99.3) | 25 (92.6) | | | Penetration, N (%) | 3 (1.7) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (7.4) | | | Detail injury mechanism | | | | | | Fall down, N (%) | 68 (39.5) | 59 (40.7) | 9 (33.3) | | | Pedestrian versus motor vehicle, N (%) | 41 (23.8) | 35 (24.1) | 6 (22.2) | | | Motor vehicle occupant, N (%) | 29 (16.9) | 22 (15.2) | 7 (25.9) | | | Motorcycle, N (%) | 17 (9.9) | 17 (11.7) | 0 | | | Other blunt injury, N (%) | 14 (8.1) | 11 (7.6) | 3 (11.1) | | | Stab injury | 3 (1.7) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (7.1) | | | Height of fall down (meter) | 12.0 (5.0–24.0)
| 15.0 (5.5–25.0)
| 4.0 (2.0–7.5)
| 0.001 | | Witness | 84 (48.8) | 70 (48.3) | 14 (51.9) | 0.835 | | Bystander CPR | 78 (45.3) | 65 (44.8) | 13 (48.1) | 0.834 | | EMS CPR | 163 (94.8) | 137 (94.5) | 26 (96.3) | 1.000 | | Initial rhythm | | | | 0.038 | | Asystole | 95 (55.2) | 86 (59.3) | 9 (33.3) | | | PEA | 64 (37.2) | 50 (34.5) | 14 (51.9) | | | VT or VF | 6 (3.5) | 4 (2.8) | 2 (7.4) | | | Unknown | 7 (4.1) | 5 (3.4) | 2 (7.4) | | | Advanced airway by EMS | 96 (55.8) | 80 (55.2) | 16 (59.3) | 0.833 | | Shockable rhythm with defibrillation by EMS | 9 (5.2) | 5 (3.4) | 4 (14.8) | 0.035 | | IV line with fluid resuscitation by EMS | 35 (20.3) | 27 (18.6) | 8 (29.6) | 0.200 | | ROSC on prehospital phase | 6 (3.5) | 2 (1.4) | 4 (14.3) | 0.006 | | Time from call to scene by EMS (min) | 8.0 (6.0–11.0) | 8.0 (6.0–11.0) | 8.0 (6.0–10.5)∗ | 0.920 | | Time from scene to hospital by EMS (min) | 15.5 (12.5–19.0) | 15.0 (12.5–19.0) | 19.0 (15.0–26.0) | 0.222 | | Time from ER arrival to death (min) | | 72 (56–97) | | |
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∗Median (interquartile range). ER, emergency room; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS, emergency medical service; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; VT, ventricular tachycardia; VF, ventricular fibrillation; IV, intravenous; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation.
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