Type 2 Diabetic Sepsis Patients Have a Lower Mortality Rate in Pioglitazone Use: A Nationwide 15-Year Propensity Score Matching Observational Study in Taiwan

Table 1

Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and diabetic complications of type 2 diabetic sepsis patients between pioglitazone users and nonusers.

Variables	Before matching						After PS matching
	Nonusers (n = 134,981)		Users (n = 10,346)		value	Standardized mean difference	Nonusers (n = 46,550)		Users (n = 9,310)		value	Standardized mean difference
	n	%	n	%			n	%	n	%
Sex					<0.001						0.361	0.010
Female	61,623	45.65	5,018	48.50		0.057	22,289	47.88	4,506	48.40
Male	73,358	54.35	5,328	51.50		0.057	24,261	52.12	4,804	51.60
Age, years					<0.001						0.004
18–29	600	0.44	12	0.12		0.062	116	0.25	9	0.10		0.037
30–49	11,323	8.39	994	9.61		0.043	4,079	8.76	766	8.23		0.019
50–69	42,086	31.18	4,718	45.60		0.300	18,941	40.69	3,969	42.63		0.039
70–89	74,625	55.29	4,468	43.19		0.244	22,587	48.52	4,412	47.39		0.023
90–100	6,347	4.70	154	1.49		0.186	827	1.78	154	1.65		0.009
Mean (SD)	71.13 (13.90)		67.08 (12.62)		<0.001	0.305	68.96 (13.18)		68.11 (12.50)		<0.001	0.066
Insurance premium (NT dollars)											0.395
<20000	82,771	61.32	4,705	45.48		0.322	22,918	49.23	4,523	48.58		0.013
20000–40000	43,501	32.23	4,575	44.22		0.249	19,836	42.61	4,023	43.21		0.012
40000–60000	6,461	4.79	800	7.73		0.122	2,890	6.21	598	6.42		0.009
>60000	2,248	1.67	266	2.57		0.063	906	1.95	166	1.78		0.012
Comorbidity
HTN	101,906	75.50	8,732	84.4	<0.001	0.224	39,091	83.98	7,728	83.01	0.020	0.026
Hyperlipidemia	62,096	46.00	7,397	71.5	<0.001	0.536	31,910	68.55	6,363	68.35	0.698	0.004
COPD	63,740	47.22	4,049	39.14	<0.001	0.164	19,357	41.58	3,868	41.55	0.948	0.001
CLD	45,715	33.87	4,091	39.54	<0.001	0.118	18,691	40.15	3,674	39.46	0.215	0.014
CKD	61,015	45.20	5,988	57.88	<0.001	0.256	25,183	54.10	5,093	54.70	0.284	0.012
PAOD	20,462	15.16	1,832	17.71	<0.001	0.069	7,625	16.38	1,597	17.15	0.066	0.021
IHD	64,874	48.06	5,144	49.72	0.011	0.033	23,337	50.13	4,668	50.14	0.990	0
Stroke	60,780	45.03	4,343	41.98	<0.001	0.062	19,974	42.91	4,063	43.64	0.192	0.015
Cancer	38,145	28.26	2,693	26.03	<0.001	0.050	12,649	27.17	2,541	27.29	0.811	0.003
Drug use
NSAID	74,050	54.86	5,534	53.49	0.070	0.028	26,508	56.95	4,968	53.36	<0.001	0.072
Aspirin	15,122	11.20	844	8.16	<0.001	0.103	5,201	11.17	759	8.15	<0.001	0.102
Statins	15,549	11.52	3,192	30.85	<0.001	0.487	7,585	16.29	2,763	29.68	<0.001	0.322
Biguanides	38,874	28.80	6,257	60.48	<0.001	0.672	14,986	32.19	5,667	60.87	<0.001	0.600
DPP-4 inhibitors	4,751	3.52	2,209	21.35	<0.001	0.561	2,145	4.61	1,932	20.75	<0.001	0.500
Sulfonylureas	42,982	31.84	6,743	65.17	<0.001	0.707	16,255	34.92	6,098	65.50	<0.001	0.642
Pioglitazone	0	0	3,764	36.38	—	—	0	0	3,399	36.51	<0.001	1.072
Insulin	58,539	43.37	7,047	68.11	<0.001	0.514	20,724	44.52	6,296	67.63	<.0001	0.479
Immunosuppressants	475	0.35	57	0.55	0.001	0.030	224	0.48	41	0.44	0.600	0.006
Steroids	38,618	28.61	2,876	27.8	0.078	0.018	13,213	28.38	2,608	28.01	0.467	0.008
Infection site
Central nervous	1,411	1.05	100	0.97	0.446	0.008	525	1.13	88	0.95	0.122	0.018
Respiratory	69,870	51.76	4,784	46.24	<0.001	0.111	21,986	47.23	4,416	47.43	0.721	0.004
Cardiovascular	1,938	1.44	156	1.51	0.553	0.006	656	1.41	133	1.43	0.885	0.002
Gastrointestinal	20,361	15.08	1,795	17.35	<0.001	0.061	7,459	16.02	1,596	17.14	0.007	0.030
Genitourinary	69,360	51.39	5,472	52.89	0.003	0.030	23,449	50.37	4,959	53.27	<.001	0.058
Soft tissue/bone	24,980	18.51	2,262	21.86	<0.001	0.084	8,782	18.87	1,991	21.39	<.001	0.063
Device-related	4,847	3.59	431	4.17	0.002	0.030	1,946	4.18	354	3.80	0.093	0.019
Others	34,048	25.22	2,568	24.82	0.362	0.009	10,969	23.56	2,309	24.8	0.105	0.029
aDCSI score					<0.001						<0.001
0	38,882	28.81	2,092	20.22		0.201	12,732	27.35	1,937	20.81		0.154
1	15,563	11.53	1,485	14.35		0.084	5,818	12.50	1,319	14.17		0.049
2	36,729	27.21	2,288	22.11		0.118	12,078	25.95	2,067	22.20		0.088
3	13,194	9.77	1,379	13.33		0.111	4,844	10.41	1,243	13.35		0.091
4	18,532	13.73	1,416	13.69		0.001	6,425	13.80	1,281	13.76		0.001
≥5	12,081	8.95	1,686	16.30		0.223	4,653	10.00	1,463	15.71		0.171
Length of hospital stay (days) (median)	12		11		<0.001	0.056	11		11		0.0215	0.027
Total hospital mortality	25,102	18.6	1,638	15.83		0.073	7,947	17.07	1,523	16.36	0.0941	0.019

Chi-square test.