Type 2 Diabetic Sepsis Patients Have a Lower Mortality Rate in Pioglitazone Use: A Nationwide 15-Year Propensity Score Matching Observational Study in Taiwan

Table 2

Logistic regression model to estimate the OR and 95% CI of the total hospital mortality in pioglitazone users and nonusers.

Variable	Outcome = total hospital mortality
	Crude OR	Adjusted OR
	(95% CI)	(95% CI)
Pioglitazone use	0.95(0.88–1.01)	0.95(0.89–1.03)
Sex
Female	1 (ref)	1 (ref)
Male	1.59 (1.52–1.66)	1.54 (1.47–1.62)
Age, years
18–29 years	1 (ref)	1 (ref)
30–49 years	1.45 (0.78–2.70)	1.39 (0.74–2.63)
50–69 years	1.94 (1.04–3.60)	1.67 (0.89–3.13)
70–89 years	2.36 (1.27–4.39)	1.93 (1.03–3.62)
90–100 years	3.34 (1.77–6.30)	2.85 (1.49–5.45)
Insurance premium (NT dollars)
<20000	1 (ref)	1 (ref)
20000–40000	0.60 (0.58–0.63)	0.61 (0.58–0.64)
40000–60000	0.66 (0.60–0.73)	0.64 (0.58–0.71)
>60000	0.92 (0.79–1.08)	0.76 (0.65–0.90)
Baseline comorbidity (Ref = Non-)
HTN	1.00 (0.94–1.06)	0.95 (0.88–1.01)
Hyperlipidemia	0.77 (0.73–0.80)	0.77 (0.74–0.81)
COPD	0.96 (0.92–1.01)	0.84 (0.80–0.88)
CLD	1.14 (1.09–1.19)	1.06 (1.01–1.11)
CKD	1.38 (1.32–1.45)	1.35 (1.29–1.42)
PAOD	1.16 (1.09–1.22)	1.11 (1.05–1.18)
IHD	1.02 (0.97–1.06)	0.99 (0.95–1.04)
Stroke	0.99 (0.94–1.03)	0.96 (0.91–1.00)
Cancer	3.29 (3.14–3.44)	3.23 (3.08–3.39)

Adjusted OR: adjusted for age, sex, insurance premium, and comorbidities in logistic regression. Any dose of pioglitazone within 3 months prior to the index admission for sepsis; . CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CLD, chronic liver disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DPP-4 inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; HTN, hypertension; IHD, ischemic heart disease; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; NT, new Taiwan; OR, odds ratio; PAOD, peripheral arterial occlusion disease.