Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and the Role of Beta-Blockers: A Scoping Review

Table 1

Summary of findings.

Articles	Study design	Participants mean or median age	TBI severity	Type of beta-blockers used	Dosage of beta-blockers	Beta-blockers were used	Non-beta-blockers drugs	Length of stay	Mortality rate
Choi et al. [8]	Narrative review	26	Moderate, severe	Propranolol	N/A	In combination	Morphine, baclofen, gabapentin, benzodiazepines, bromocriptine	N/A	N/A
Diamond et al. [21]	Case report	35.5	Severe	Labetalol	10 mg	In combination	Morphine	N/A	N/A
Feng et al. [22]	Narrative review	18.1	Severe	Propranolol	40 mg q12 h IV	In combination	Morphine, baclofen, gabapentin, benzodiazepine, bromocriptine, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, dantrolene	N/A	N/A
Godoy et al. [23]	Letter to the editor	28	Moderate, severe	Propranolol	20 mg q12 h to 20 mg q8 h IV	In combination	Morphine, fentanyl	N/A	N/A
Schroeppel et al. 2014 [24]	Case-control	42	Severe	Propranolol	85 mg IV	Alone	N/A	44	3
Van der jagt and miranda. [25]	Review	55	Moderate, severe	Atenolol	10 mg q6 h IV followed 100 mg q24 h orally	Alone	N/A	N/A	5.1
Garg et al. [26]	Case report	26	Severe	Propranolol	10 mg q12 h to 10 mg q8 h IV	Alone	N/A	N/A	N/A
Monteiro et al. [27]	Case report	27	Severe	Propranolol	10 mg q8 h	Alone	N/A	N/A	N/A
Zheng et al. [9]	Narrative review	30	Moderate, severe	Propranolol, labetalol, metoprolol	20–60 mg q4-6 hr orally	In combination	α2-Agonists, gabapentin, baclofen, bromocriptine, and long-acting benzodiazepines	N/A	N/A
Ammar and Hussein [11]	Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial	55	Moderate	Propranolol	1 mg q6 hr IV	Alone	N/A	N/A	N/A