The Association between Skull Bone Fractures and the Mortality Outcomes of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury

Table 1

The demographic traits and clinical characteristics of patients with traumatic brain injury.

Variables	All, n = 5430	Skull fracture (+), n = 1058	Skull fracture (−), n = 4372	OR (95% CI)
Gender					<0.001
Male, n (%)	3279 (60.4)	784 (74.1)	2495 (57.1)
Female, n (%)	2151 (39.6)	274 (25.9)	1877 (42.9)
Age, mean (years)	55.1 ± 19.6	46.7 ± 19.0	57.1 ± 19.2		<0.001
Comorbidities, n (%)
CVA	298 (5.5)	24 (2.3)	274 (6.3)		<0.001
HTN	1734 (31.9)	197 (18.6)	1537 (35.2)		<0.001
CAD	264 (4.9)	33 (3.1)	231 (5.3)		0.003
CHF	38 (0.7)	2 (0.2)	36 (0.8)		0.026
DM	911 (16.8)	98 (9.3)	813 (18.6)		<0.001
ESRD	135 (2.5)	12 (1.1)	123 (2.8)		0.002
Trauma mechanisms, n (%)
Automobile	119 (2.2)	8 (0.8)	111 (2.5)		<0.001
Motorcycle	2844 (52.4)	643 (60.8)	2201 (50.3)		<0.001
Bicycle	275 (5.1)	50 (4.7)	225 (5.1)		0.576
Pedestrian	191 (3.5)	43 (4.1)	148 (3.4)		0.282
Fall	1732 (31.9)	249 (23.5)	1483 (33.9)		<0.001
Strike by against	269 (5.0)	65 (6.1)	204 (4.7)		0.047
GCS, median (IQR)	15 (13–15)	14 (9–15)	15 (13–15)		<0.001
3–8	788 (14.5)	259 (24.5)	529 (12.1)		<0.001
9–12	523 (9.6)	145 (13.7)	378 (8.6)		<0.001
13–15	4119 (75.9)	654 (61.8)	3465 (79.3)		<0.001
ISS, median (IQR)	16 (9–17)	16 (13–20)	14 (9–16)		<0.001
1–15	2551 (47.0)	328 (31.0)	2223 (50.8)		<0.001
16–24	2345 (43.2)	574 (54.3)	1771 (40.5)		<0.001
≥25	534 (9.8)	156 (14.7)	378 (8.6)		<0.001
AIS-head, median (IQR)	4 (3-4)	4 (3-4)	3 (2–4)		<0.001
Mortality	355 (6.5)	109 (10.3)	246 (5.6)	1.9 (1.52–2.44)	<0.001
Mortality (AOR)	—	—	—	1.7 (1.27–2.25)	<0.001
Hospital stay (days)	10.8 ± 11.7	12.3 ± 11.7	10.4 ± 11.7		<0.001

AIS, abbreviated injury score; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CI, confidence interval; CVA, cerebral vascular accident; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HTN, hypertension; IQR, interquartile range; ISS, injury severity score; OR, odds ratio. AOR, controlled for age, sex, comorbidities, and AIS-head.