A Narrative Review of Different Hemostatic Materials in Emergency Treatment of Trauma

Table 1

Features of various hemostatic materials.

Types	Mechanisms	Indications	Products
Patch	By attaching and covering the damaged tissue to close the wound, there is a certain pressure effect on the wound and form an effective physical barrier, and then use its internal pore structure to quickly absorb blood and water, activate platelets to accumulate quickly, and achieve the effect of hemostasis	Suitable for bleeding from wounds on the surface of the body and organs and used in battlefield and prehospital environments	Battle gauze (NATO use), chitosan dressings (Chito Gauze, Celox gauze), and collagen sponges (Gelfix)
Granular powder	The small particle structure of hemostatic powder absorbs the water in the blood, effectively concentrates the blood, and closely fits with the damaged tissue under the action of external forces, while with the help of some positively charged components such as chitosan, electrostatic effect occurs with negatively charged red blood cells, prompting the local formation of blood clots to accelerate hemostasis	Suitable for large, deep surface wounds or on-site emergency hemostasis with limited treatment conditions	Kaolin, zeolite, microfiber collagen powder (MFC), chitosan hemostatic powder (Celox), and rhombus zeolite gel particles
Fluid seal	Relying on the high adhesion of the material to closely bind to the damaged tissue and close the wound, while forming a physical barrier, using some components that can promote the aggregation of red blood cells and platelets to accelerate hemostasis	It is suitable for deep and irregular wound bleeding in the body, especially noncompressible wound bleeding such as organ and bone internal lack of blood loss	Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive, Fibrin gum (FS), Matrix Gel, absorbable hemostatic hydrogel (CHI–C/DACNC)
Trigger expansion	Through the material’s unique shape-memory large pore structure, it highly fits the size of the wound and quickly absorbs blood and water, effectively blocking the bleeding location and promoting coagulation	Hemostasis of large noncompressible wounds as an adjunct to the treatment of junction bleeding (i.e., neck, armpit, and inguinal bleeding).	XStat, self-expanding porous composites (CMCP)