Research Article
Etiology of Emergency Visit and In-Hospital Outcomes of Patients with COPD
Table 3
Comparisons between patients with AECOPD admitted to ICU or general wards, survivors, or nonsurvivors.
| | Variable | n | AECOPD (314) | ICU (162) | General wards (152) | values | Survival (294) | In-hospital mortality (20) | values |
| | Male, n (%) | 314 | 242 (77.1) | 114 (70.4) | 128 (84.2) | 0.004 | 225 (76.5) | 17 (85.0) | 0.384 | | Age (median, range) | 314 | 78 (69–84) | 80 (71–86) | 77 (66–82) | <0.001 | 78 (69–83) | 84.5 (73–90.5) | 0.012 | | Age <65 yr | | 54 (17.2) | 17 (10.5) | 37 (24.3) | Reference | 52 (17.7) | 2 (10.0) | Reference | | 65 yr ≤age <80 yr | | 133 (42.4) | 65 (40.1) | 68 (44.7) | 0.032 | 126 (42.9) | 7 (35.0) | 0.655 | | Age ≥80 yr | | 127 (40.4) | 80 (49.4) | 47 (30.9) | <0.001 | 116 (39.5) | 11 (55.0) | 0.259 | | Current/former smoker | 314 | 253 (80.6) | 126 (77.8) | 127 (83.6) | 0.196 | 238 (81) | 15 (75.0) | 0.515 | | LTOT | 314 | 78 (24.8) | 50 (30.9) | 28 (11.8) | 0.011 | 75 (25.5) | 3 (15.0) | 0.293 | | Comorbidity | 314 | | | | | | | | | No comorbidity | | 63 (20.1) | 24 (14.8) | 39 (25.7) | Reference | 63 (21.4) | 0 (0) | | | 1 comorbidity | | 66 (21.0) | 30 (18.5) | 36 (23.7) | 0.398 | 64 (22.4) | 2 (10.0) | Reference | | 2 comorbidities | | 84 (26.8) | 49 (30.2) | 35 (23.0) | 0.016 | 74 (25.2) | 10 (50.0) | 0.008 | | ≥3 comorbidities | | 101 (32.2) | 59 (36.4) | 42 (27.6) | 0.012 | 93 (31.6) | 8 (40.0) | 0.037 | | Hypertension | | 163 (51.4) | 90 (55.6) | 73 (48.0) | 0.182 | 152 (51.7) | 11 (55.0) | 0.775 | | Arrhythmia | | 78 (24.8) | 53 (32.7) | 25 (16.4) | 0.001 | 68 (23.1) | 10 (50.0) | 0.007 | | Coronary artery disease | | 65 (20.7) | 35 (21.6) | 30 (19.7) | 0.683 | 61 (20.7) | 4 (20.0) | 0.936 | | Old MI | | 15 (4.8) | 9 (5.5) | 6 (3.9) | 0.504 | 15 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 0.301 | | After PCI | | 17 (5.4) | 8 (4.9) | 9 (5.9) | 0.701 | 16 (5.4) | 1 (5.0) | 0.933 | | Cerebrovascular disease | | 61 (19.4) | 33 (20.4) | 28 (18.4) | 0.663 | 59 (20.1) | 2 (10.0) | 0.271 | | Diabetes mellitus | | 55 (17.5) | 34 (21.0) | 21 (13.8) | 0.095 | 53 (18) | 2 (10.0) | 0.361 | | BPH | | 57 (18.2) | 26 (16.0) | 31 (20.4) | 0.318 | 54 (18.4) | 3 (15.0) | 0.705 | | Malignancy | | 35 (11.1) | 20 (12.3) | 15 (9.9) | 0.486 | 26 (8.8) | 9 (45.0) | <0.001 | | Congestive heart failure | | 32 (10.2) | 23 (14.2) | 9 (6.0) | 0.015 | 26 (8.8) | 6 (30.0) | 0.002 | | Asthma | | 31 (9.9) | 11 (6.8) | 20 (13.2) | 0.059 | 31 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.126 | | CRF | | 17 (5.4) | 12 (7.4) | 5 (3.3) | 0.107 | 16 (5.4) | 1 (5.0) | 0.933 | | Hyperlipidemia | | 23 (7.3) | 12 (7.4) | 11 (7.2) | 0.954 | 23 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.194 | | GERD | | 16 (5.1) | 5 (3.1) | 11 (7.2) | 0.095 | 16 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.284 | | Gastric/duodenal ulcers | | 8 (2.5) | 6 (3.7) | 2 (1.3) | 0.180 | 7 (2.4) | 1 (5.0) | 0.472 | | Laboratory studies | 314 | | | | | | | | | Hemoglobin (g/L) | 305 | 137 (123–151) | 134 (120–151) | 140 (125–150) | 0.150 | 138 (124–151) | 120 (98–139) | 0.001 | | WBC count (×109/L) | 305 | 9.8 (7.3–13.5) | 10.2 (7.3–13.5) | 9.63 (7.4–13.36) | 0.763 | 9.7 (7.2–13.2) | 12.7 (9.1–16.1) | 0.028 | | Neutrophils (×109/L) | 305 | 7.8 (5.1–11.1) | 8 (4.9–11.2) | 7.4 (5.4–11.0) | 0.532 | 7.5 (5–11) | 10.1 (7.4–14.2) | 0.030 | | Lymphocytes (×109/L) | 305 | 0.99 (0.67–1.47) | 0.91 (0.59–1.35) | 1.07 (0.76–1.62) | 0.020 | 0.99 (6.2–16.8) | 1 (0.46–1.36) | 0.538 | | Fibrinogen (mg/dl) | 242 | 4.13 (3.35–4.98) | 4.06 (3.28–4.86) | 4.32 (3.44–5.48) | 0.199 | 4.08 (3.32–4.98) | 4.37 (3.92–5.57) | 0.17 | | D-dimer (μg/ml) | 283 | 0.31 (0.17–0.61) | 0.40 (0.20–0.78) | 0.24 (0.15–0.44) | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.17–0.57) | 0.71 (0.29–2.29) | 0.001 | | PCT (ng/ml) | 190 | 0.183 (0.11–0.76) | 0.2 (0.12–1) | 0.13 (0.1–0.48) | 0.003 | 0.175 (0.1–0.72) | 0.25 (0.15–3.55) | 0.144 | | NT-pro BNP (pg/ml) | 268 | 753.5 (229–2300) | 1480 (504–4010) | 310 (136–856) | <0.001 | 735 (202–2060) | 4540 (2370–7920) | <0.001 | | CK-MB (U/liter) | 298 | 14 (9–20) | 15 (11–22) | 13 (9–18) | 0.024 | 14 (10–20) | 14 (8.5–25) | 0.789 | | Arterial blood gas | 281 | | | | | | | | | pH | | 7.41 (7.34–7.45) | 7.36 (7.3–7.43) | 7.43 (7.4–7.46) | <0.001 | 7.41 (7.34–7.45) | 7.39 (7.29–7.45) | 0.526 | | PaCO2 | | 48 (38–64) | 59 (45–75) | 40 (35.3–47) | <0.001 | 48 (38–65) | 45 (37–56) | 0.280 | | PaO2 | | 57 (42–73) | 54 (38–71) | 61 (48.5–75.85) | 0.001 | 57 (43–73) | 60.5 (39–76) | 0.880 | | Chest CT | 249 | | 116 | 133 | | 234 | 15 | | | Pneumonia | | 95 (38.2) | 48 (41.4) | 47 (31) | 0.803 | 86 (36.8) | 9 (60) | 0.138 |
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Data are presented as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and No. (%) for categorical variables, unless indicated otherwise. LTOT: long-term oxygen therapy; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; CRF: chronic renal failure; MI: myocardial infarction; PCT: procalcitonin; WBC: white blood cell. |
