Research Article

Etiology of Emergency Visit and In-Hospital Outcomes of Patients with COPD

Table 3

Comparisons between patients with AECOPD admitted to ICU or general wards, survivors, or nonsurvivors.

VariablenAECOPD (314)ICU (162)General wards (152) valuesSurvival (294)In-hospital mortality (20) values

Male, n (%)314242 (77.1)114 (70.4)128 (84.2)0.004225 (76.5)17 (85.0)0.384
Age (median, range)31478 (69–84)80 (71–86)77 (66–82)<0.00178 (69–83)84.5 (73–90.5)0.012
 Age <65 yr54 (17.2)17 (10.5)37 (24.3)Reference52 (17.7)2 (10.0)Reference
 65 yr ≤age <80 yr133 (42.4)65 (40.1)68 (44.7)0.032126 (42.9)7 (35.0)0.655
 Age ≥80 yr127 (40.4)80 (49.4)47 (30.9)<0.001116 (39.5)11 (55.0)0.259
Current/former smoker314253 (80.6)126 (77.8)127 (83.6)0.196238 (81)15 (75.0)0.515
LTOT31478 (24.8)50 (30.9)28 (11.8)0.01175 (25.5)3 (15.0)0.293
Comorbidity314
 No comorbidity63 (20.1)24 (14.8)39 (25.7)Reference63 (21.4)0 (0)
 1 comorbidity66 (21.0)30 (18.5)36 (23.7)0.39864 (22.4)2 (10.0)Reference
 2 comorbidities84 (26.8)49 (30.2)35 (23.0)0.01674 (25.2)10 (50.0)0.008
 ≥3 comorbidities101 (32.2)59 (36.4)42 (27.6)0.01293 (31.6)8 (40.0)0.037
 Hypertension163 (51.4)90 (55.6)73 (48.0)0.182152 (51.7)11 (55.0)0.775
 Arrhythmia78 (24.8)53 (32.7)25 (16.4)0.00168 (23.1)10 (50.0)0.007
 Coronary artery disease65 (20.7)35 (21.6)30 (19.7)0.68361 (20.7)4 (20.0)0.936
 Old MI15 (4.8)9 (5.5)6 (3.9)0.50415 (5.1)0 (0)0.301
 After PCI17 (5.4)8 (4.9)9 (5.9)0.70116 (5.4)1 (5.0)0.933
 Cerebrovascular disease61 (19.4)33 (20.4)28 (18.4)0.66359 (20.1)2 (10.0)0.271
 Diabetes mellitus55 (17.5)34 (21.0)21 (13.8)0.09553 (18)2 (10.0)0.361
 BPH57 (18.2)26 (16.0)31 (20.4)0.31854 (18.4)3 (15.0)0.705
 Malignancy35 (11.1)20 (12.3)15 (9.9)0.48626 (8.8)9 (45.0)<0.001
 Congestive heart failure32 (10.2)23 (14.2)9 (6.0)0.01526 (8.8)6 (30.0)0.002
 Asthma31 (9.9)11 (6.8)20 (13.2)0.05931 (10.5)0 (0.0)0.126
 CRF17 (5.4)12 (7.4)5 (3.3)0.10716 (5.4)1 (5.0)0.933
 Hyperlipidemia23 (7.3)12 (7.4)11 (7.2)0.95423 (7.8)0 (0.0)0.194
 GERD16 (5.1)5 (3.1)11 (7.2)0.09516 (5.4)0 (0.0)0.284
 Gastric/duodenal ulcers8 (2.5)6 (3.7)2 (1.3)0.1807 (2.4)1 (5.0)0.472
Laboratory studies314
 Hemoglobin (g/L)305137 (123–151)134 (120–151)140 (125–150)0.150138 (124–151)120 (98–139)0.001
 WBC count (×109/L)3059.8 (7.3–13.5)10.2 (7.3–13.5)9.63 (7.4–13.36)0.7639.7 (7.2–13.2)12.7 (9.1–16.1)0.028
 Neutrophils (×109/L)3057.8 (5.1–11.1)8 (4.9–11.2)7.4 (5.4–11.0)0.5327.5 (5–11)10.1 (7.4–14.2)0.030
 Lymphocytes (×109/L)3050.99 (0.67–1.47)0.91 (0.59–1.35)1.07 (0.76–1.62)0.0200.99 (6.2–16.8)1 (0.46–1.36)0.538
 Fibrinogen (mg/dl)2424.13 (3.35–4.98)4.06 (3.28–4.86)4.32 (3.44–5.48)0.1994.08 (3.32–4.98)4.37 (3.92–5.57)0.17
 D-dimer (μg/ml)2830.31 (0.17–0.61)0.40 (0.20–0.78)0.24 (0.15–0.44)<0.0010.29 (0.17–0.57)0.71 (0.29–2.29)0.001
 PCT (ng/ml)1900.183 (0.11–0.76)0.2 (0.12–1)0.13 (0.1–0.48)0.0030.175 (0.1–0.72)0.25 (0.15–3.55)0.144
 NT-pro BNP (pg/ml)268753.5 (229–2300)1480 (504–4010)310 (136–856)<0.001735 (202–2060)4540 (2370–7920)<0.001
 CK-MB (U/liter)29814 (9–20)15 (11–22)13 (9–18)0.02414 (10–20)14 (8.5–25)0.789
Arterial blood gas281
 pH7.41 (7.34–7.45)7.36 (7.3–7.43)7.43 (7.4–7.46)<0.0017.41 (7.34–7.45)7.39 (7.29–7.45)0.526
 PaCO248 (38–64)59 (45–75)40 (35.3–47)<0.00148 (38–65)45 (37–56)0.280
 PaO257 (42–73)54 (38–71)61 (48.5–75.85)0.00157 (43–73)60.5 (39–76)0.880
Chest CT24911613323415
 Pneumonia95 (38.2)48 (41.4)47 (31)0.80386 (36.8)9 (60)0.138

Data are presented as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and No. (%) for categorical variables, unless indicated otherwise. LTOT: long-term oxygen therapy; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; CRF: chronic renal failure; MI: myocardial infarction; PCT: procalcitonin; WBC: white blood cell.