Patient and Provider Demographics and the Management of Genitourinary Tract Infections in the Emergency Department

Table 4

Multivariate OR of being diagnosed with a UTI and having a positive urine culture (vs. negative urine culture).

Variables	Comparison groups	Reference levels	OR (95% CI)	value
Age (years)	18–28	≥62	0.93 (0.74, 1.18)	0.56
	29–39	≥62	0.89 (0.71, 1.13)	0.35
	40–50	≥62	0.86 (0.67, 1.10)	0.22
	51–61	≥62	0.94 (0.74, 1.20)	0.64
Race	Black/African American	Asian/other	1.09 (0.69, 1.73)	0.70
	White	Asian/other	0.84 (0.53, 1.33)	0.44
Marital status	Separated/divorced	Married/life partner	0.88 (0.69, 1.12)	0.31
	Single	Married/life partner	1.01 (0.84, 1.21)	0.91
	Widowed	Married/life partner	1.10 (0.87, 1.38)	0.42
Documented primary care physician	Yes	No	0.89 (0.78, 1.02)	0.08
Pregnant	Yes	No	0.80 (0.57, 1.13)	0.21
Emergency severity index	3	1-2	1.04 (0.79, 1.40)	0.77
	4-5	1-2	1.44 (1.05, 1.98)	0.02
Mechanism of ED arrival	Private vehicle	EMS/police	1.19 (0.98, 1.45)	0.09
	Public transport/on foot	EMS/police	1.52 (0.95, 2.41)	0.08
Sex of primary ED provider	Male	Female	1.0257 (0.89, 1.18)	0.72
Training level of primary ED provider	Attending only	APP	1.08 (0.92, 1.26)	0.35
	Attending plus resident	APP	1.27 (1.05, 1.54)	0.02
Source of urine sample	Not documented	Clean catch/voided	0.62 (0.54, 0.72)	<0.001
	Other	Clean catch/voided	1.38 (1.08, 1.78)	0.01
Bacteria (urinalysis)	1-unit increase		1.31 (1.25, 1.38)	<0.001
Blood (urinalysis)	1-unit increase		1.24 (1.15, 1.32)	<0.001
Glucose (urinalysis)	Positive	Negative	0.97 (0.77, 1.23)	0.80
Ketones (urinalysis)	Positive	Negative	0.82 (0.68, 0.98)	0.03
Leukocyte esterase (urinalysis)	1-unit increase		0.99 (0.93, 1.07)	0.89
Mucous (urinalysis)	1-unit increase		0.89 (0.84, 0.95)	<0.001
Nitrite (urinalysis)	Positive	Negative	6.42 (5.40, 7.67)	<0.001
Protein (urinalysis)	Positive	Negative	1.09 (0.95, 1.25)	0.23
RBCs (urinalysis)	1-unit increase		1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	0.12
WBC clumps (urinalysis)	Present	Negative	1.50 (1.26, 1.78)	<0.001
WBCs (urinalysis)	1-unit increase		1.02 (1.01, 1.02)	<0.001
Yeast (urinalysis)	Present	Absent	0.74 (0.53, 1.03)	0.08
Clue cells (vaginal wet mount)	Not performed	Negative	0.32 (0.02, 3.58)	0.37
	Present	Negative	0.81 (0.56, 1.16)	0.25
WBC (vaginal wet mount) (cells/HPF)	11–100	≤10	0.58 (0.40, 0.82)	0.002
	Not performed	≤10	1.29 (0.28, 8.19)	0.77
Yeast (vaginal wet mount)	Not performed	Negative	1.11 (0.13, 9.70)	0.93
	Present	Negative	0.78 (0.37, 1.56)	0.50
T. vaginalis NAAT	No test	Negative	0.61 (0.42, 0.90)	0.01
	Positive	Negative	0.60 (0.21, 1.55)	0.31
Positive for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or both; negative for both gonorrhea and chlamydia; or not tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia	Not tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia	Negative for both gonorrhea and chlamydia	1.03 (0.59, 1.77)	0.93
	Positive for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or both	Negative for both gonorrhea and chlamydia	1.06 (0.65, 1.73)	0.81
Trichomonas found during the ED encounter	Positive for T. vaginalis during the ED encounter	Negative for T. vaginalis infection during ED encounter	0.41 (0.20, 0.78)	0.009
	Vaginal wet mount not performed	Negative for T. vaginalis infection during ED encounter	2.16 (0.69, 7.31)	0.20