Fears and Concerns of Bystanders to Help People Injured in Traffic Accidents: A Qualitative Descriptive Study

Table 3

“Fear and concerns” with subcategories and open codes.

Category	Subcategory	Open codes
Fears and concerns	Fear of legal trouble	Fear of being accused
		Previous experiences with legal trouble (direct experiences from the helper herself or himself; get experiences from other people; get experiences from the media)
		Lack of information regarding aid laws (lack of stability in aid rules), (not receiving training about the rules of giving aid)
	Stress caused by previous experience	The stress caused by the bystander gathering
		Concerned about the gathering of bystanders
	Fear and concern caused by anticipation	Concern about an unfortunate incident
		Fear of potential dangers
		The fear of an explosion
		Concern for the lives of the victims of the accident
		Predicting the situation to worsen
		Helping consequences (considering financial consequences), (considering helping consequences)
	Fear and concern caused by a lack of information	Fear of making a mistake
		Fear of causing more damage
		Uncertainty about the death of the injured
		Not knowing the number of injured
		Fear of not checking the risks
	Fear and concern related to the relief forces	The stress of delaying rescuers
	Concerning an unknown origin	Behaving instinctively