Clinical Presentation and Management of Acute Dystonia from Drug Abuse or Misuse in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Bangkok, Thailand
Table 2
Patient characteristics.
Demographics
Number (n = 62)
(%)
Sex
Male
53
85.5
Age (years)
Mean (±standard deviation)
16.7 ± 3.0
10–14 years
15
24.2
15–19 years
38
61.3
20–24 years
9
14.5
Past medical history
No known underlying disease
59
95.2
HIV infection
1
1.6
Thrombocytopenia
1
1.6
Allergy
1
1.6
Past history of drug abuse
First time
42
69.4
2-3 times
3
4.8
4-5 times
0
0.0
>5 times
3
3.2
No data
14
22.6
Single/multiple drug (s) use
Single-drug use
23
37.1
Combination of two or more drugs
34
54.8
Missing data
5
8.1
Purpose of drug use
Abuse
61
98.4
Misuse
1
1.6
Physical examination
Vital signs (at ED triage)
Body temperature (°C) (n = 49), mean (±S.D.)
36.7 ± 0.4
Heart rate (bpm) (n = 62), mean (±S.D.)
100 ± 20
Respiratory rate (/min) (n = 61), mean (±S.D.)
20 ± 4
Blood pressure, mean (±S.D.)
Systolic (mmHg) (n = 62)
135 ± 19
Diastolic (mmHg) (n = 62)
80 ± 12
Neurological examination
Mental status (n = 62)
Normal
57
91.9
Agitated
1
1.6
Drowsy
2
3.2
No data
2
3.2
Pupil size (mm)
Right (n = 60), mean (±S.D.)
2.93 ± 0.61
Left (n = 60), mean (±S.D.)
2.88 ± 0.72
Skin sign (autonomic) (n = 40)
Normal
36
90.0
Diaphoresis
4
10.0
Dry
0
0.0
Bowel sound (autonomic) (n = 58)
Normoactive
56
96.6
Hyperactive
2
3.4
Hypoactive
0
0.0
Characteristics of acute dystonic reactions (there may be > 1 sign per case)
n = 62 (93 signs in total)
% (calculated from 62 cases)
Spasmodic torticollis
32
51.6
Oromandibular dystonia
28
45.2
Oculogyric crisis
14
22.6
Focal limb dystonia
11
17.7
Facial grimacing
4
6.5
Opisthotonos
3
4.8
Laryngeal dystonia
1
1.6
ED, emergency department; S.D., standard deviation.
