Clinical Presentation and Management of Acute Dystonia from Drug Abuse or Misuse in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Bangkok, Thailand

Table 5

Treatment and outcomes.

Treatment in the ED	Number (n = 62)	(%)
Treated once	39	62.9
Treated twice	13	21
Treated thrice	6	9.7
Treated >3 times	2^†	3.2
No medication administered	2^‡	3.2
First treatment	Number n = 60 (%)	Outcome
Diazepam (IV) + trihexyphenidyl (oral)	25 (41.7%)	Improved 13 (52%); Relapse 12 (48%)
Diazepam (IV)	21 (35%)	Improved 13 (61.9%); Relapse 8 (38.1%)
Benztropine (IV) + trihexyphenidyl (oral)	9 (15%)	Improved 9 (100%)
Benztropine (IV)	3 (5%)	Improved 3 (100%)
Trihexyphenidyl (oral)	2 (3.3%)	Improved 1 (50%); Relapse 1 (50%)
Second treatment	Number n = 21 (%)	Outcome
Benztropine (IV)	1 (4.8%)	Improved 1 (100%)
Diazepam (IV)	13 (61.9%)	Improved 6 (46.2%); Relapse 4 (30.7%); Non-responsive 3 (23.1%)
Trihexyphenidyl (oral)	1 (4.8%)	Improved 1 (100%)
Benztropine (IV) + trihexyphenidyl (oral)	1 (4.8%)	Improved 1 (100%)
Diazepam (IV) + benztropine (IV)	1 (4.8%)	Improved 1 (100%)
Diazepam (IV) + trihexyphenidyl (oral)	4 (19.0%)	Improved 3 (75.0%); Relapse 1 (25.0%)
Third treatment	Number n = 8 (%)	Outcome
Benztropine (IV)	1 (12.5%)	Improved 1 (100%)
Diazepam (IV)	2 (25.0%)	Improved 1 (50%); Relapse 1^† (50%)
Trihexyphenidyl (oral)	1 (12.5%)	Improved 1 (100%)
Diazepam (IV) + trihexyphenidyl (oral)	4 (50%)	Improved 3 (75%); Relapse 1^† (25%)

^†These two patients received more than three cycles of treatment: one was admitted to the pediatric department. ^‡Received supportive treatment or transferred to another hospital. ED, emergency department; IV, intravenous.