| | Characteristics | RA level (ml/g) | P value | | <4.35 (n = 2117) | ≥4.35, <5.68 (n = 2119) | ≥5.68 (n = 2125) |
| | Clinical parameters | | | | | | Age, years | 78.1 ± 7.9 | 78.2 ± 7.6 | 77.5 ± 7.6 | 0.005 | | Gender, n (%) | | | | 0.023 | | Female | 941 (44.4) | 1031 (48.7) | 988 (46.5) | | | Male | 1176 (55.6) | 1088 (51.3) | 1137 (53.5) | | | Ethnicity, n (%) | | | | 0.004 | | White | 1585 (74.9) | 1550 (73.1) | 1507 (70.9) | | | Black | 164 (7.7) | 217 (10.2) | 205 (9.6) | | | Other | 368 (17.4) | 352 (16.6) | 413 (19.4) | | | Vital signs | | | | | | SBP (mmHg) | 121.9 ± 18.0 | 116.8 ± 17.4 | 112.2 ± 15.4 | <0.001 | | DBP (mmHg) | 59.1 ± 10.2 | 56.5 ± 9.4 | 54.5 ± 9.3 | <0.001 | | MAP (mmHg) | 78.0 ± 11.0 | 74.5 ± 10.3 | 71.9 ± 9.8 | <0.001 | | Heart rate (beats/minute) | 81.0 ± 15.1 | 84.4 ± 16.6 | 87.7 ± 16.0 | <0.001 | | Respiratory rate (times/minute) | 19.2 ± 3.8 | 19.8 ± 4.1 | 19.9 ± 4.4 | <0.001 | | Temperature (°C) | 36.8 ± 0.6 | 36.7 ± 0.7 | 36.6 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | | SpO2 (%) | 97.1 ± 2.3 | 97.0 ± 2.3 | 97.0 ± 3.5 | 0.718 | | Comorbidities | | | | | | Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 548 (25.9) | 828 (39.1) | 1181 (55.6) | <0.001 | | Sepsis, n (%) | 192 (9.1) | 412 (19.4) | 653 (30.7) | <0.001 | | Septic shock, n (%) | 117 (5.5) | 282 (13.3) | 430 (20.2) | <0.001 | | Arrhythmia, n (%) | 890 (42.0) | 990 (46.7) | 955 (44.9) | 0.008 | | Heart valve disease, n (%) | 398 (18.8) | 399 (18.8) | 301 (14.2) | <0.001 | | Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 224 (10.6) | 285 (13.4) | 308 (14.5) | <0.001 | | Diabetes, n (%) | 544 (25.7) | 587 (27.7) | 503 (23.7) | 0.011 | | Hypertension, n (%) | 1495 (70.6) | 1386 (65.4) | 1212 (57.0) | 0.174 | | Renal failure, n (%) | 443 (20.9) | 678 (32.0) | 671 (31.6) | <0.001 | | Hemorrhagic anemia, n (%) | 42 (2.0) | 62 (2.9) | 89 (4.2) | <0.001 | | Alcohol abuse, n (%) | 83 (3.9) | 59 (2.8) | 72 (3.4) | 0.122 | | Coagulopathy, n (%) | 219 (10.3) | 339 (16.0) | 533 (25.1) | <0.001 | | Electrolyte disorder, n (%) | 792 (37.4) | 977 (46.1) | 1077 (50.7) | <0.001 | | Nervous system diseases, n (%) | 339 (16.0) | 290 (13.7) | 207 (9.7) | <0.001 | | Hypothyroidism, n (%) | 237 (11.2) | 284 (13.4) | 316 (14.9) | 0.002 | | Metastatic cancer, n (%) | 37 (1.7) | 117 (5.5) | 208 (9.8) | <0.001 | | Solid tumor, n (%) | 73 (3.4) | 88 (4.2) | 127 (6.0) | <0.001 | | Obesity, n (%) | 71 (3.4) | 86 (4.1) | 82 (3.9) | 0.462 | | Laboratory parameters | | | | | | RA level (ml/g) | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | | RDW (%) | 14.1 ± 1.1 | 15.5 ± 1.6 | 17.2 ± 2.4 | <0.001 | | Albumin (g/dL) | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | | White blood cell count (109/L) | 12.4 ± 7.6 | 13.1 ± 11.0 | 15.4 ± 17.6 | <0.001 | | Platelet (109/L) | 252.1 ± 104.9 | 254.7 ± 135.0 | 253.8 ± 154.0 | 0.818 | | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.6 ± 1.9 | 11.4 ± 1.8 | 10.9 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | | Hematocrit (%) | 37.5 ± 5.5 | 34.5 ± 5.4 | 33.2 ± 5.2 | <0.001 | | Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | | BUN (mg/dL) | 35.8 ± 24.9 | 44.8 ± 28.2 | 46.6 ± 29.9 | <0.001 | | Sodium (mmol/L) | 140.7 ± 5.3 | 140.7 ± 5.6 | 140.8 ± 5.8 | 0.850 | | Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 0.146 | | Chloride (mmol/L) | 106.6 ± 6.8 | 107.2 ± 7.2 | 108.8 ± 7.5 | <0.001 | | Glucose (mg/dL) | 198.9 ± 111.6 | 199.3 ± 132.0 | 185.7 ± 103.5 | <0.001 | | Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.0 ± 1.5 | 1.2 ± 2.0 | 2.2 ± 4.7 | <0.001 | | Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 25.5 ± 4.4 | 24.6 ± 5.0 | 23.7 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | | PT (second) | 17.6 ± 11.9 | 19.7 ± 13.9 | 20.3 ± 14.2 | <0.001 | | INR | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 2.5 | 2.1 ± 2.1 | <0.001 | | APTT (second) | 49.2 ± 36.7 | 47.8 ± 33.3 | 50.7 ± 32.8 | <0.001 | | Lactate (mmol/L) | 3.1 ± 2.3 | 3.3 ± 2.9 | 3.7 ± 3.2 | <0.001 | | Anion gap (mmol/L) | 17.6 ± 4.6 | 17.8 ± 4.8 | 17.3 ± 5.0 | <0.001 | | Scoring systems | | | | | | SAPSII | 40.9 ± 11.3 | 45.6 ± 12.9 | 50.3 ± 14.5 | <0.001 | | SOFA | 4.4 ± 2.7 | 5.6 ± 3.1 | 6.8 ± 3.6 | <0.001 | | Mortality | | | | | | 30-day, n (%) | 282 (13.3) | 400 (18.9) | 668 (31.4) | <0.001 | | 90-day, n (%) | 385 (18.2) | 566 (26.7) | 923 (43.4) | <0.001 | | 1-year, n (%) | 548 (25.9) | 828 (39.1) | 1181 (55.6) | <0.001 | | Length of stay in ICU, day | 4.9 ± 6.3 | 5.6 ± 6.7 | 6.9 ± 8.8 | <0.001 | | Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 106 (5.0) | 234 (11.0) | 336 (15.8) | <0.001 |
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