Prehospital Predictors for Urgent Neurosurgical Intervention in the Head Trauma Patient: A 2-Year Multicenter Retrospective Study
Table 1
General characteristics of all head trauma patients.
Variables
Parameters
Overall (N = 7930)
Sex
Female
39.5% (N = 3134)
Male
60.5% (N = 4795)
Age (years)
N
7903
Mean (SD)
49.392 (20.861)
Median (IQR)
47 (31–65)
Range
5–104
Mechanism of trauma
Fall
46.4% (N = 3588)
Road traffic collision
16.9% (N = 1304)
Beating
13.2% (N = 1023)
Hitting
9.4% (N = 725)
Fainting
5.7% (N = 442)
Epilepsy
5.7% (N = 438)
Pedestrian hit by a car
1.9% (N = 143)
Crushing between two objects
0.1% (N = 9)
Kick
0.1% (N = 6)
Head trauma during jump into the water
0.1% (N = 6)
Bruised by an animal
0.1% (N = 6)
Rape
0% (N = 1)
Other
0.4% (N = 37)
Arrival on the day of injury
Yes
79.4% (N = 6300)
No
20.6% (N = 1630)
Time from injury to arrival (days)
N
1625
Mean (SD)
4.676 (12.102)
Median (IQR)
2 (1–4)
Glasgow Coma Scale
N
5671
Mean (SD)
14.799 (1.142)
Median (IQR)
15 (15–15)
Range
3–15
Loss of consciousness
Yes
42.2% (N = 2413)
Recalls partially
0.5% (N = 26)
No
57.3% (N = 3277)
Alcohol
Yes
21.4% (N = 1700)
No
78.6% (N = 6230)
Alcohol (mg/dL)
N
440
Mean (SD)
304.762 (107.588)
Median (IQR)
306.5 (247–377.75)
Range
20–592
Neurological abnormalities
Yes
7.1% (N = 551)
No
92.9% (N = 7260)
Abnormalities found in physical examination
Yes
65.2% (N = 4955)
No
34.8% (N = 2650)
Complaints
Yes
48% (N = 3649)
No
52% (N = 3951)
The number of abnormalities found in physical examination
N
4955
Mean (SD)
1.49 (0.855)
Median (IQR)
1 (1-2)
Range
1–10
The number of complaints
N
3649
Mean (SD)
1.956 (1.045)
Median (IQR)
2 (1–3)
Range
1–10
Radiological examination (more than head CT scan)
Yes
59.4% (N = 4710)
No
40.6% (N = 3215)
CT angiography
Yes
0.2% (N = 15)
No
99.8% (N = 7915)
X-ray
Yes
44% (N = 3492)
No
56% (N = 4438)
CT other than head CT
Yes
28.8% (N = 2282)
No
71.2% (N = 5648)
Ultrasound
Yes
13.6% (N = 1075)
No
86.4% (N = 6855)
Trauma CT
Yes
1.3% (N = 101)
No
98.7% (N = 7829)
Classification
C1—urgent surgery
0.8% (N = 64)
C2—delayed surgery
2.2% (N = 177)
C3—24-hour follow-up
1.4% (N = 108)
C4—no neurosurgical indication for hospitalization but patients were on anticoagulants, dangerous mechanism of trauma, were severely vomiting, confused, or/and without good family care
0.1% (N = 6)
Abnormalities in radiological examinations other than head CT
18.8% (N = 1487)
No abnormalities
76.7% (N = 6075)
Abnormalities in radiological examinations
Yes
23.2% (N = 1841)
No
76.8% (N = 6089)
The number of abnormalities found in radiological examination