Prehospital Predictors for Urgent Neurosurgical Intervention in the Head Trauma Patient: A 2-Year Multicenter Retrospective Study

Table 5

Detailed summary of signs and symptoms in relation to patient classification.

Types	Complaints	C1 (N = 46)	Others (N = 7032)	value
	Deformity of the nose	2.2% (N = 1)	0.2% (N = 13)	0.173
	Deformity of the clavicle	—	0.1% (N = 9)	1.000
	Deformity of the lower leg	2.2% (N = 1)	0.1% (N = 5)	0.019
	Bleeding from the ear	2.2% (N = 1)	0.2% (N = 16)	0.239
	Bleeding from the mouth	4.3% (N = 2)	0% (N = 3)	<0.001
	Bleeding from the nose	6.5% (N = 3)	1.1% (N = 80)	0.007
	Hematoma in the parietal region	2.2% (N = 1)	0% (N = 1)	<0.001
	Periorbital ecchymosis	10.9% (N = 5)	4.9% (N = 348)	0.134
	Numerous abrasions of the head	2.2% (N = 1)	0.2% (N = 13)	0.173
	Swelling and restriction of arm mobility	2.2% (N = 1)	0.5% (N = 37)	0.608
	Swollen face	2.2% (N = 1)	0.7% (N = 47)	0.735
	Abrasion of the forehead	2.2% (N = 1)	3.4% (N = 241)	0.953
	Abrasion of the temple	2.2% (N = 1)	0.7% (N = 47)	0.735
	Wound of the forehead	2.2% (N = 1)	6.7% (N = 471)	0.353
	Wound of the superciliary arch	—	5% (N = 355)	0.221
	Wound of the nose	—	2% (N = 139)	0.667
	Wound in the parietal region	—	4.9% (N = 345)	0.231
	Wound in the parieto-occipital region	—	1.1% (N = 80)	0.978
	Wound of the occiput	17.4% (N = 8)	5.5% (N = 388)	0.002
	Wound of the eyelid	—	1.2% (N = 82)	0.964
	Wound of the forearm	2.2% (N = 1)	0.2% (N = 17)	0.261
	Wound of the temple	8.7% (N = 4)	1.6% (N = 109)	0.001
	Wound of the lip	2.2% (N = 1)	1.3% (N = 88)	1.000
	Contusion of the shoulder	2.2% (N = 1)	0.1% (N = 7)	0.049
	Contusion of the forehead	8.7% (N = 4)	4.8% (N = 335)	0.369
	Contusion of the knee	2.2% (N = 1)	0.6% (N = 39)	0.636
	Contusion of the nose	—	1.9% (N = 131)	0.700
	Contusion of the parietal region	—	1.8% (N = 124)	0.730
	Contusion of the parieto-occipital region	4.3% (N = 2)	1% (N = 70)	0.128
	Contusion of the temporal region	4.3% (N = 2)	1.7% (N = 120)	0.422
	Contusion of the occiput	8.7% (N = 4)	2.1% (N = 145)	0.009
	Contusion of the eyelids	—	1.4% (N = 96)	0.874
	Contusion of the face	2.2% (N = 1)	1.1% (N = 75)	0.993
	Tenderness of the cervical spine	—	1.4% (N = 98)	0.862
	Tenderness of the occiput	—	1.2% (N = 82)	0.964
	Multisite injury	2.2% (N = 1)	1.8% (N = 124)	1.000
	Palpable skull fracture	6.5% (N = 3)	0.1% (N = 6)	<0.001
	Pain in the shoulder	—	3.9% (N = 275)	0.324
	Pain in the hip	2.2% (N = 1)	1.2% (N = 83)	1.000
	Pain in the abdomen	—	2.1% (N = 148)	0.633
	Pain in the cervical spine/neck	—	12.2% (N = 855)	0.022
	Headache	19.6% (N = 9)	32.6% (N = 2291)	0.085
	Pain in the chest	2.2% (N = 1)	3% (N = 211)	1.000
	Pain in the knee	—	2.3% (N = 163)	0.581
	Pain in the lower limb	—	1.5% (N = 104)	0.829
	Pain in the lumbosacral region	—	3.2% (N = 224)	0.419
	Pain in the elbow	—	1.2% (N = 87)	0.930
	Pain in the temporal region	2.2% (N = 1)	0.1% (N = 9)	0.087
	Pain in the back	—	1.2% (N = 84)	0.950
	Pain in the occiput	2.2% (N = 1)	0.3% (N = 20)	0.323
	Pain in the hand	—	2.4% (N = 172)	0.553
	Pain in the thoracic spine	—	1.7% (N = 117)	0.763
	Pain in the ribs	2.2% (N = 1)	2.8% (N = 194)	1.000
	Nausea	2.2% (N = 1)	5.7% (N = 402)	0.475
	Fainting after injury	2.2% (N = 1)	0.2% (N = 12)	0.151
	Sleepiness	2.2% (N = 1)	0.3% (N = 21)	0.343
	Vomiting	8.7% (N = 4)	3.8% (N = 268)	0.183
	Visual disturbances	—	1.5% (N = 108)	0.808
	Dizziness/balance disorders	4.3% (N = 2)	7.6% (N = 537)	0.576

The bold values indicate significance.