Evaluation of the Potential for Improvement of Clinical Outcomes in Trauma Patients with Massive Hemorrhage by Maintaining a High Plasma-to-Red Blood Cell Ratio during the First Hour of Hospitalization
Table 1
General characteristics of each group (N = 1,059).
NPMT (n = 1008)
MTP (n = 51)
Age (years, mean)
51
45
0.017
Male
773 (76.7%)
35 (68.6%)
0.187
Glasgow coma scale score (mean)
9.2
9.7
0.477
Systolic blood pressure
Mean (mmHg)
101
74
<0.001
n with ≤90 mmHg
377 (37.4%)
30 (58.8%)
0.002
Diastolic blood pressure
Mean (mmHg)
64
49
0.005
Heart rate (n)
919
47
Mean (beats/min)
102
108
0.115
n with ≥120 beats/min
241 (26.2%)
12 (25.5%)
0.916
Assessment of blood consumption score (n)
680
43
n with ≥2
150 (22.1%)
13 (30.2%)
0.214
Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (n)
734
45
Positive
194 (26.6%)
12 (26.7%)
0.972
Mechanism of injury
Blunt injury
924
47
0.902
Penetrating injury
84
4
Hemoglobin level (n)
967
50
Mean (g/dL)
10.8
11.6
0.006
n with ≤11 g/dL
494 (51.1%)
18 (36.0%)
0.037
International normalized ratio (n)
929
47
Mean
1.4
1.6
0.088
n with ratio >1.5
210 (22.6%)
14 (29.8%)
0.253
Lactic acid (n)
976
51
Mean (mmol/L)
6.0
6.9
0.128
n with ≥2.0 mmol/L
910 (93.2%)
50 (98.0%)
0.176
Base excess (n)
962
51
Mean (mmol/L)
−9.0
−9.9
0.279
n with score ≤ −4 mmol/L
793 (82.4%)
46 (90.2%)
0.152
Injury severity score (n)
969
51
Mean
28.9
37.1
0.002
AIS head (n)
462
25
Mean
3.9
3.5
0.177
AIS face (n)
239
11
Mean
1.8
2.0
0.401
AIS chest (n)
239
11
Mean
3.2
3.4
0.178
AIS abdomen (n)
663
40
Mean
3.2
3.1
0.594
AIS extremity (n)
677
39
Mean
3.0
3.7
0.002
AIS external (n)
248
24
Mean
1.1
1.1
0.546
AIS: abbreviated injury scale; NPMT: nonprotocolised massive transfusion; MTP: massive transfusion protocol. P values less than 0.05 were indicated in bold.
