|
| Baseline variables | Original cohort | Propensity score matching |
| SAE patients n = 465 | Non-SAE patients n = 255 | | SAE patients n = 232 | Non-SAE patients n = 232 | |
|
| Age | 64 (55–72) | 68 (58–75) | 0.002 | 66 (60–74) | 68 (58–75) | 0.843 |
| Sex (female) (n (%)) | 193 (41.5) | 97 (38) | 0.364 | 127 (54.7) | 146 (62.9) | 0.09 |
| Coexisting illness (n (%)) | | | | | | |
| Charlson’s comorbidity index | 5 (3–8) | 6 (4–8) | 0.113 | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 0.747 |
| Hypertension | 57 (12.3) | 70 (27.5) | <0.001 | 41 (17.7) | 53 (22.8) | 0.204 |
| Diabetes | 134 (28.8) | 73 (28.6) | 0.957 | 77 (33.2) | 64 (27.6) | 0.226 |
| Respiration | 91 (19.6) | 37 (14.5) | 0.089 | 53 (22.8) | 34 (14.7) | 0.032 |
| Cardiovascular | 130 (28.0) | 72 (28) | 0.937 | 73 (31.5) | 68 (29.3) | 0.686 |
| Renal | 96 (20.6) | 71 (27.8) | 0.029 | 52 (22.4) | 63 (27.2) | 0.282 |
| Site of infection (n (%)) | | | | | | |
| Intestinal | 14 (3.0) | 11 (4.3) | 0.361 | 9 (3.9) | 5 (2.2) | 0.416 |
| Urinary | 24 (5.2) | 31 (12.2) | <0.001 | 19 (8.2) | 20 (8.6) | 1.000 |
| Lung | 19 (4.1) | 27 (10.6) | 0.001 | 15 (6.5) | 15 (6.5) | 1.000 |
| Catheter | 7 (1.5) | 12 (4.7) | 0.010 | 6 (2.6) | 7 (3.0) | 1.000 |
| Skin and soft tissue | 25 (5.4) | 20 (7.8) | 0.191 | 16 (6.9) | 13 (5.6) | 0.701 |
| Abdominal cavity | 15 (3.2) | 18 (7.1) | 0.019 | 12 (5.2) | 11 (4.7) | 1.000 |
| Microbiology type (n (%)) | | | | | | |
| Klebsiella | 51 (11.0) | 49 (19.2) | 0.002 | 34 (14.7) | 37 (15.9) | 0.796 |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 4 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) | 0.469 | 2 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) | 1.000 |
| Escherichia coli | 88 (18.9) | 74 (29.0) | 0.002 | 61 (26.3) | 60 (25.9) | 1.000 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 32 (6.9) | 34 (13.3) | 0.004 | 25 (10.8) | 27 (11.6) | 0.883 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 8 (1.7) | 14 (5.5) | 0.005 | 8 (3.4) | 7 (3.0) | 1.000 |
| Enterococcus | 180 (38.7) | 84 (32.9) | 0.124 | 88 (37.9) | 72 (31.0) | 0.143 |
| Vital signs, median (IQR) | | | | | | |
| Heart rate (bmp) | 105 (90–117) | 103 (91–118) | 0.635 | 104.5 (90–117) | 103.0 (90–118) | 0.83 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 90 (80–100) | 88 (77–101) | 0.273 | 90 (79–100) | 88 (77–100) | 0.553 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 45 (38–53.5) | 45 (37.5–51) | 0.321 | 44 (37–52) | 45 (37.9–51) | 0.496 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 58 (50–66) | 56 (49–65) | 0.131 | 57 (50–65) | 56 (49–64.3) | 0.606 |
| Respiratory rate (bmp) | 28 (24–32) | 28 (24–32) | 0.951 | 27.5 (24–32) | 28 (24–32) | 0.932 |
| Temperature (°C) | 37.2 (36.9–37.7) | 37.2 (36.9–37.7) | 0.431 | 37.2 (36.9–37.7) | 37.2 (37–37.7) | 0.274 |
| SPO2 (%) | 93 (90–95) | 93 (91–95) | 0.725 | 93 (90–95) | 93.00 (91–95) | 0.889 |
| Laboratory parameters, median (IQR) | | | | | | |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 40 (20–44) | 34 (18–40) | 0.057 | 35 (18.8–41.5) | 32.5 (18–40) | 0.358 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 48 (26–55.5) | 42 (23–51) | 0.114 | 43 (24.8–54) | 41 (23–53) | 0.58 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.2 (2.6–3.7) | 3.2 (2.7–3.8) | 0.168 | 3.2 (2.7–3.7) | 3.2 (2.7–3.8) | 0.707 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.4 (0.5–1.9) | 1.3 (0.5–2.1) | 0.505 | 1.3 (0.5–1.9) | 1.2 (0.5–2.10) | 0.845 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 1.3 (0.9–2.3) | 0.111 | 1.4 (0.8–2.1) | 1.3 (0.9–2.2) | 0.472 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 27 (16–46) | 26 (18–40) | 0.658 | 29.5 (18–49) | 26.5 (18–40) | 0.225 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 103 (87–126) | 107 (93–126) | 0.105 | 102 (87–126) | 106 (93.8–126) | 0.207 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 9.0 (7.8–10.7) | 9.0 (7.9–10.6) | 0.934 | 8.9 (7.8–10.5) | 9.0 (7.9–10.7) | 0.776 |
| Platelet (×109/L) | 140 (82–206) | 173 (98–242) | 0.001 | 166 (88.5–230.5) | 168 (96.5–237.3) | 0.580 |
| Partial thrombin time (s) | 37.2 (30.3–48.0) | 36.5 (30.4–47.7) | 0.822 | 37.4 (31–47.9) | 36.3 (30.5–47.7) | 0.287 |
| International normalized ratio | 1.6 (1.2–1.9) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 0.236 | 1.6 (1.2–1.9) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 0.418 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 15.3 (12.8–18.1) | 16.3 (13.4–22.9) | 0.290 | 17.0 (13.6–22.4) | 16.0 (13.4–22.4) | 0.394 |
| White blood cell (×109/L) | 11.0 (7.7–15.6) | 11.0 (7.6–16.2) | 0.782 | 11.3 (7.6–16.1) | 11.0 (7.9–16.2) | 0.829 |
| Neutrophils (%) | 71.6 (66.4–80.7) | 71.6 (68–80.9) | 0.591 | 71.6 (65.9–81.4) | 71.8 (68.2–81.4) | 0.412 |
| Lymphocyte (%) | 17.2 (10–20.2) | 16.1 (10.1–20) | 0.629 | 17.2 (9–21) | 16.1 (10–20) | 0.823 |
| Ammonia (μmol/L) | 41 (31–63) | 21 (16–31) | <0.001 | 56.5 (40–79.3) | 21.5 (17–32) | <0.001 |
| Lactates (mmol/l) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 1.6 (1.3–2.3) | 0.202 | 1.9 (1.3–2.5) | 1.6 (1.3–2.3) | 0.167 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 123 (88–132.5) | 125 (90–133) | 0.525 | 123 (87–132.8) | 125 (90.8–130.3) | 0.608 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 44 (39–46) | 45 (41–46) | 0.059 | 44 (39–46) | 45 (42–46) | 0.042 |
| Analgesic and sedative drugs (n (%)) | | | | | | |
| Midazolam | 12 (2.6) | 9 (3.5) | 0.469 | 10 (4.3) | 7 (3.0) | 0.621 |
| Propofol | 11 (2.4) | 15 (5.9) | 0.016 | 11 (4.7) | 10 (4.3) | 1.000 |
| Opioids | 35 (7.5) | 8 (3.1) | 0.017 | 7 (3.0) | 8 (3.4) | 1.000 |
| Mechanical ventilation (n (%)) | 250 (53.8) | 105 (41.2) | 0.001 | 125 (53.9) | 95 (40.9) | 0.007 |
| Renal replacement therapy (n (%)) | 41 (8.8) | 27 (10.6) | 0.437 | 17 (7.3) | 21 (9.1) | 0.612 |
| Score system | | | | | | |
| SAPS II | 38 (30–47) | 37 (29–45) | 0.144 | 41 (32–49.3) | 37 (28–45) | 0.001 |
| SOFA | 6 (4–10) | 5 (3–8) | <0.001 | 6 (4–10) | 5 (3–7) | <0.001 |
| GCS | 10 (7–13) | 15 (15–15) | <0.001 | 10 (6–13) | 15 (15–15) | <0.001 |
| Use of vasopressors (n (%)) | 182 (39.1) | 101 (39.6) | 0.902 | 90 (38.8) | 93 (40.1) | 0.849 |
| Length of hospital stays, days | 4.6 (1.9–11.7) | 2.6 (1.3–6.2) | <0.001 | 4.2 (1.8–10.8) | 2.8 (1.3–6.0) | <0.001 |
| Hospital mortality (n (%)) | 96 (20.6) | 3 (1.2) | <0.001 | 42 (18.1) | 2 (0.9) | <0.001 |
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