Research Article
Geohazard Caused by Groundwater in Urban Underground Excavation
Figure 13
Schematic drawing of flow net and safety factor against piping calculation.
| (a) Failure case (C = 100 kPa; = 34°; E = 120,000 kPa and 1 × 10−6 cm/sec of permeability) |
| (b) Nonfailure case (C = 200 kPa; = 34°; E = 169,000 kPa and 1 × 10−6 cm/sec of permeability) |