Geohazard Caused by Groundwater in Urban Underground Excavation

Figure 16

Impacts from various soil stiffness (elastic modulus) on failure caused by launching of a shield for (a) 65 × 10³ kPa, (b) 130 × 10³ kPa, and (c) 260 × 10³ kPa. Note: “1” means transverse direction and “2” means longitudinal direction.