Research Article

Evolution Mechanism, Monitoring, and Early Warning Method of Water Inrush in Deep-Buried Long Tunnel

Table 1

Statistics on water inrush and mud disasters in tunnels.

Tunnel typeTunnel nameTime/yearDisaster description

Railway tunnelYuanliangshan tunnel2002Large-scale water and mud inrush occurred 71 times. The highest water pressure reached 4.6 MPa. The maximum water inflow was 72,000 m3/h, causing 9 deaths
Maluqing tunnel2005A large-scale water and mud inrush occurred 19 times, causing 11 deaths
Yesanguan tunnel2007In a half-hour, water irruption quantity is 151,000 m3, and mudstone eruption quantity is 53,500 m3, causing 10 deaths
Guzishan tunnel2011A major water inrush occurred and the surface collapsed, causing 2 deaths
Taoshuping tunnel2014Water inrush, causing 9 deaths
Wulong tunnel2002There have been more than 10 large-scale water and mud inrush, with a maximum water inflow of 7.18 million m3/d
Yunwushan tunnel2008The water inflow is 46,000 m3/d, and the maximum water inflow is 172,000 m3/d
Qiyueshan tunnel2005Exposing 187 large-scale karst pipes and caves, and causing large-scale water inrush for more than 20 times
Dazhiping tunnel2006The water and mud inrush reaches more than 60,000 m3 and then stabilizes at 8000 m3
Xiangshan tunnel2009The maximum water inflow reaches 7300 m3/h, and multiple water inrush occurs within two years.
Bahuashan tunnel2006The total water inflow is 15,000 m3, and the protruding angle crushed stone is about 1800 m3. There are 13 sudden water and mud inrush accidents before and after, and the 200 m long tunnel is inundated.
Chaoyang tunnel2018The maximum water inflow was 1100 m3/h, and the water output was estimated to be about 100,000 m3 causing 3 deaths

Road tunnelZhongjiashan tunnel2012The water and mud inrush occurred 14 times in 3 months, the total mud volume exceeded 27,900 m3, and the total water inrush exceeded 20,000 m3
Longtan tunnel2006Large-scale burst mud 2 times; the mud volume exceeded 9000 m3, causing large-scale landslide 3 times
Baiyunshan tunnel2010Large-scale instant burst mud 2000 m3, maximum water inflow 300 m3/h, surface subsidence 300 m2, depth 20 m, 6 deaths
Foling tunnel2012The inflow of water is 30,000 m3, and the pumping water is 1.3 million cubic meters.
Shangjiawan tunnel2013Three large-scale water inrush occurred in the same section, and the maximum amount of inrush of clay and water suddenly reached 7700 m3.
Anshi tunnel2019About 15,000 m3 of mud and 800 m3 of water gushed into the disaster site causing 12 deaths. Ten people were injured.