Abstract
The Datong mining area is a typical double system coal seam mining area in China, where the Jurassic and Carboniferous coal seams are mined simultaneously. The upper Jurassic coal seam has been largely mined, leaving a large amount of gob area. Besides, a large amount of harmful water is accumulated. With the exploitation of the 3-5# extra-thick coal seam in the Carboniferous system, the scope of overburden damage is greatly increasing, and the mining fracture field is further developed. Once the mining-induced fractures connect with the overlying gob, it is easy to induce the water discharge disaster. With the mining geological conditions of the 8202 working face in the Tongxin coal mine as references, the disastrous mechanism of water discharge in the abandoned gob above the stope in the mining extra-thick coal seam is researched by numerical simulation with the UDEC numerical software, and the research results are obtained. The water in the overlying gob percolates through the mining-induced fractures in the higher key layer forming a “shower” seepage pattern. The water in the above gob converges in the key fracture channel, flowing into the working face. The seepage in the fractures in the high key stratum experiences the process of increase, decrease, and stabilization, related with the stretching and extrusion deformation between the high key stratum blocks. Compared with other fractures, the flow rates in the No.2 and No.4 fractures in the far field key lay are larger, because the fractures are in the tension state, forming the “saddle-shaped” flow pattern. The influencing distance of mining-induced seepage is about 80 m in front of the working face. The research results provide a guided reference for the prediction and prevention of water discharge disaster in an abandoned gob above the stope in a mining extra-thick coal seam.
1. Introduction
The Datong coal mining area is a typical dual system of coal seam in China, where the Jurassic and Carboniferous coal seams are mined simultaneously [1, 2]. At present, the Jurassic coal mining is almost finished, and the Carboniferous 3-5# extra-thick coal seam is the key mining zone in the Tongxin mine [3, 4]. The harmful water in the gob comes from rainfall, rivers, and the overlying aquifer. The mining thickness of the 3-5# extra-thick coal seam is 14-20 m, which increases the overburden breakage height and fracture development height [5, 6]. When the fracture filed in the overburden communicates with the mining gob in the upper Jurassic coal seam, the accumulated water in the gob is released to the working face in the Carboniferous 3-5# extra-thick coal seam, through a mining-induced fracture channel, leading to the water drainage disaster [7–9]. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately grasp the disastrous mechanism of water discharge in the abandoned gob above the stope in mining the extra-thick coal seam, which provides references for the prevention and control of water drainage disaster.
The significant researches on the disastrous mechanism of water discharge in abandoned gob have been carried out by scholars at home and aboard. Meng [10] determined the cracking connection in the overburden strata above the double system seam mining, with the double system seam mining in the Datong mining area as an engineering background. Du et al. [11] developed the porous medium two-phase water-sand flow testing system and researched the influence of sand, the particle sizes of broken rock mass, and the porosity of porous medium on water-sand inrush disaster. Yang et al. [12] built a three field coupled nonlinear flow model based on the essentially flow translation, from laminar flow in the aquifer to turbulence flow in the tunnel, in the process of collapsing pillar water inrush. Ju et al. [13] summarized the research progress on the evolution law of mining-induced water conducted zone in overburden, and the water-preserved mining countermeasures or solutions, according to the theories and practices in water-preserved coal mining under water in China. Hou et al. [14] analyzed the water inrush law with the influencing factors by building an experimental platform and performing a water inrush experiment and established the prediction method for water inrush from ground cracks. Zhang [15] expounded the idea, technical principle, and key technology of water-controlled coal mining technology in detail and solved the problems of large coal resource losses caused by different types of waterproof coal pillar technology in coal mining under a traditional water body. Yang et al. [16] built the overlying rock combination bearing structure model and studied the occurrence mechanism of bedrock fissure conduction working face and water-containing loose layer caused by the cutting-top compression frame of the working face. Zhang et al. [17] analyzed the limit equilibrium conditions of water and sand burst in fractures through the mechanics model of sand body inrush in fractures and carried out the simulation experiments of water and sand burst in fractures under different initial water pressures.
It is obvious that research results of water inrush disaster in the coal mine have been achieved systematically [18–20]. However, the researches on the disastrous mechanism of water discharge in an abandoned gob above the stope in a mining extra-thick coal seam (coal seam thickness is larger than 8 m) have been rarely performed. Besides, the mining fracture in the 8202 working face in the Datong mining area is different from the conventional mining situation, since the mining thickness of the 3-5# extra-thick coal seam is 14-20 m [21, 22]. Based on the mining geological conditions at the 8202 working face in the Tongxin mine of the Datong mining area, the disastrous mechanism of water discharge in an abandoned gob above the stope in a mining extra-thick coal seam is studied in this article, by means of numerical simulation with the UDEC numerical calculation software. This study provides a theoretical basis for the prediction and prevention of the water discharge disaster in an abandoned gob above the stope in a mining extra-thick coal seam.
2. Numerical Calculation Model of Water Discharge Disaster
UDEC (Universal Distinct Element Code) is the numerical calculation program based on the theory of the discrete element method [23, 24]. According to the mining geological conditions in the 8202 working face of the Tongxin coal mine, the mining height of the upper Jurassic 14# coal is 4 m, while that of the lower Carboniferous 3-5# coal seam is 15 m; besides, the average distance between the two coal seams is 160 m, and the buried depth of 3-5# coal seam is 480 m. The key point in the numerical calculation is to study the relationship between the fracture of the key layer and the evolution law of the seepage field with the mining of the 3-5# coal seam. The numerical calculation model has the length of 500 m, the height of 194 m, and the mining depth of 488 m. The numerical model is shown in Figure 1.
The boundary condition of both sides is the velocity boundary condition, the horizontal direction is fixed, and the bottom boundary of the model is fixed in the vertical direction. Besides, the vertical stress on the upper boundary is 8.6 MPa, which is the converted by the overburden on the upper part of the model. Both the sides and bottom of the model are set as the impermeable boundary, that is, there is no water supply, but seepage pressure exchange can be carried out at this boundary. The top of the model has a free boundary that can be supplied from the top according to changes in water pressure. When the 14# coal seam is being mined, the hydraulic boundary is applied in the way of fixed water pressure. After the mining of the 3-5# coal seam, the water pressure in the gob is set as zero. When the harmful water enters the space, the pressure is set as zero. Besides, the physical parameters of the rock mass are shown in Table 1, and the percolation mechanical parameters of joints are shown in Table 2. The data for the numerical calculation in Tables 1 and 2 are obtained by the rock mechanics experiments.
Therefore, the numerical calculation scheme is determined. In the numerical calculation, the 14# coal seam is firstly mined, and the mining width is 300 m, with 100 m pillars on both sides left to eliminate the boundary effect. The mining width of the 3-5# coal seam is 300 m, with 15 m each step, when the mining of the 14# coal seam is finished, and the development law of the overburden fracture and seepage field is analyzed.
3. Spatial and Temporal Evolution Law of Water Discharge Disaster
After the 14# coal seam is mined, the water pressure distribution of the overburden in initial equilibrium is shown in Figure 2, when the water pressure in the gob is 0.1 MPa before the mining of the 14# coal seam. It is indicated that the pore pressure of the surrounding rock in the middle of the mining gob is bigger, and that in both ends is smaller. The key layer refers to the strata which control the whole or partial overburden movement from the overburden to the surface [25].
When the 8202 working face in the 3-5# coal seam advances to 30 m, the initial caving of the direct roof occurs, and the transverse cracks on the top rapidly develop to the bottom of key layer 1. The pore pressure in the top of key layer 3 (far field key layer) is the maximum value 0.3183 MPa. The maximum pore pressure of the roof in the unexploited area in the 3-5# coal seam is 0.2929 MPa, as shown in Figure 3. From the perspective of flow velocity distribution, the water flow in the floor at both ends is the largest, with a maximum of 0.78 m3/s, since both ends of the gob of the 14# coal mine have the maximum fracture depth and fracture opening degree. It is located within 1 m below the floor at both ends, and the flow outside 1 m below the floor drops to rapidly, with a great change in magnitude. At the same time, it is also noted that prefabricated primary joints in the key layer 3 (far key layer) also have the seepage phenomenon, but the flow rate is , with the extremely low seepage flow. In addition, the maximum flow rate in the roof of the 3-5# coal seam is , and it is located at 7 m in the direct roof, which is derived from the extremely low seepage generated through the primary fracture, as shown in Figure 4. According to the flow velocity vector distribution in the initial caving of the direct roof, the flow not only percolates downward along the longitudinal fracture but also percolates along the transverse fracture, and the flow confluence or separation occurs at a node, as shown in Figure 5.
When the 8202 working face in the 3-5# coal seam advances to 90 m, the initial caving of key layer 1 occurs. Because the key layer 1 is 22 m away from the top plate of the 3-5# coal seam, the rock layer cannot form a stable structure, so it collapses into the gob with revolving instability and becomes part of the caving zone. The distance between the key layer 1 and the key layer 2 is only 6 m. The overburden movement deformation caused by the fracture of the key layer 1 has a significant impact on the key layer 2 and its upper layers, resulting in obvious longitudinal and transverse fractures in the key layer 2. At the same time, due to the breakage of key layer 1, the maximum pore pressure in the mining area increases to 0.3909 MPa, as shown in Figure 6. The flow distribution in the initial caving of key layer 1 is obtained. The fractures in the overburden above the key layer 1 develop further, and water in the gob penetrates downward through primary fractures in key layer 3 (far field key layer) at a small flow rate and enters the key seepage channel of the working face. The flow rate in the key layer 3 (far field key layer) increases to , and the maximum flow rate in the working face reaches , which increases by nearly 10 times, as shown in Figure 7. According to the flow velocity vector distribution in the initial caving of key layer 1, as shown in Figure 8, the water in the far field key layer in the primary joint seepage phenomenon begins to appear, along with the increase of the fracture opening in key layer 3. Besides, the phenomenon of the water seepage in the lower rock layer is more obvious in the primary joint with a large opening, and the water seepage is concentrated in the gob.
When the 8202 working face in the 3-5# coal seam advances to 120 m, the initial caving of key layer 2 occurs. Because the key layer 2 is 37 m away from the top plate of the 3-5# coal seam, the rock layer cannot form a stable structure, so it caves into the gob and becomes part of the caving zone. After the breakage of key layer 2, tensile fractures appear in the lower part of key layer 3 (far field key layer) above the central position of the gob and in the upper part of key layer 3 far from the mining center. Meanwhile, the maximum pore pressure at the top of key layer 3 decreases to 0.3174 MPa, while the pore pressure in the unexploited area of the coal seam increases to 0.4283 MPa, as shown in Figure 9. The flow distribution in the initial caving of key layer 2 is obtained in Figure 10; the water seepage flow of the No.1 fracture in the far field key layer reaches , the No.2 fracture seepage flow is , the No.3 fracture seepage flow is , the No.4 fracture seepage flow is , and the No.5 fracture seepage flow is . The seepage flows in the No.1 and No.4 fractures are greater than those in the No.2 and No.3 fractures, affected by mining in advance. At this time, the maximum flow rate in the 8202 working face reaches . The flow velocity vector distribution in the initial caving of key layer 2 is obtained in Figure 11. The water flowing velocity increases in the far field key layer, along with the increase of the fracture opening, and the water seepage flows as a “shower” form. The “shower” seepage pattern is the blue line under the far field key layer in Figure 10. Besides, there are water flows along both the longitudinal fractures and the horizontal fractures, and the overall flow direction eventually permeates to the key fracture channel of the gob in the 8202 working face.
When the 8202 working face in the 3-5# coal seam advances to 180 m, the initial caving of key layer 3 (far field key layer) occurs, and the key layer 3 forms a stable structure of the voussoir beam. After the breakage of the rock strata, the middle part of the upper rock stratum is in the state of compression, and the fractures appear in the state of interlayer dislocation. The two clamped ends of the voussoir beam in key layer 3 are tensile fractures, which are the key channel for water flowing into the working face. Besides, the largest pore pressure at the top of key layer 3 slightly reduced to 0.3159 MPa, while the pore pressure in the unexploited area of the coal seam increases to 0.4631 MPa, as shown in Figure 12. The flow distribution in the initial caving of key layer 3 is shown in Figure 13. The water seepage flow of the No.1 fracture in the far field key layer reaches , the No.2 fracture seepage flow reaches , the No.3 fracture seepage flow reaches , the No.4 fracture seepage flow reaches , and the No.5 fracture seepage flow reaches . Meanwhile, the maximum flow in the 8202 working face reaches .
It is obvious that the development of mining-induced fractures experiences several states of “small-expansion-peak-closure-stable,” with the advance of the 8202 working face. The No.1 fracture is located outside of the stope, so the fracture development is in the open state in the whole process. The No.2 fracture is located at 20 m inside the cut hole, and its seepage velocity is the maximum, which forms the permanent fracture passage. Besides, the influence distance of mining-induced seepage is about 80 m in front of the working face, and the range of the seepage stability zone is about 165 m-265 m behind the gob.
The fracture flow distribution curve in key layer 3 is obtained in Figure 14. The No.3 fracture is located in the center position of key layer 3, and the upper part is in the state of compression, which is difficult for the seepage of water in the above gob; therefore, the flow rate in the No.3 fracture is smaller. Compared with other fractures, the flow rates in the No.2 and No.4 fractures are larger, because the fractures are in the tension state, forming the “saddle-shaped” flow pattern.
4. Conclusions
(1)When the 8202 working face in the 3-5# coal seam advances to 90 m, the initial caving of key layer 1 occurs, and the rock layer cannot form a stable structure, collapsing into the gob. The water in the overlying gob percolates through the fractures in the higher key layer forming a “shower” seepage pattern. The water in the above gob converges in the key fracture channel and then flows into the working face(2)When the 8202 working face in the 3-5# coal seam advances to 120 m, the initial caving of key layer 2 occurs, and the rock layer cannot form a stable structure. The fracture seepage in the high key stratum experiences the process of increase, decrease, and stabilization, which is related with the stretching and extrusion deformation between the high key stratum blocks in the process of working face propulsion(3)When the 8202 working face in the 3-5# coal seam advances to 180 m, the initial caving of key layer 3 occurs, and the key layer 3 forms a stable structure of the voussoir beam. The influence distance of the mining-induced seepage is about 80 m in front of the working face, and the range of the seepage stability zone is about 165 m-265 m behind the gob. Compared with other fractures, the flow rates in the No.2 and No.4 fractures are larger, forming the “saddle-shaped” flow pattern
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52004082), the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (202300410170), the Foundation for Higher Education Key Research Project by Henan Province (18A440012), the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Henan Polytechnic University (B2021-57), the Fundamental Research Funds for the University of Henan Province (NSFRF200302), the Postdoctoral Research Projects of Henan Province, the Scientific and Technological Development Project for Coal Mine Safety Production by Henan Province (HN19-59), the Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Project of Henan Province, and the Research and Practice Project of Educational and Teaching Reformation of Henan Polytechnic University (2019JG074).